Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants, overall and by use of antiHTN medication
| Characteristic | All N=1567 a | AntiHTN Medication b | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes N=1248 | No N=319 | ||
| Mean ± SD or No. (%) c | |||
| Age | 78.9 ± 5.2 | 78.9 ± 5.2 | 78.9 ± 5.4 |
| Female | 1055 (67.3) | 833 (66.7) | 222 (69.6) |
| Non-white | 366 (23.4) | 319 (25.6) | 47 (14.7) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.2 ± 5.9 | 30.7 ± 5.8 | 28.3 ± 6.0 |
| BMI ≥30 | 717 (45.8) | 613 (49.1) | 104 (32.6) |
| Never-smoker | 810 (51.7) | 641 (51.4) | 169 (53.0) |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| Systolic | 127.6 ± 18.0 | 128.0 ± 18.4 | 125.9 ± 16.7 |
| Diastolic | 68.2 ± 10.2 | 67.8 ± 10.3 | 69.6 ± 9.6 |
| Systolic <90 | 16 (1.0) | 14 (1.1) | 2 (0.6) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| HTN stage 2 d | 375 (23.9) | 307 (24.6) | 68 (21.3) |
| Diabetes mellitus e | 446 (28.5) | 400 (32.1) | 46 (14.4) |
| CV Disease f | 470 (30.0) | 421 (33.7) | 49 (15.4) |
| Lung disease g | 280 (17.9) | 228 (18.3) | 52 (16.3) |
| Arthritis h | 307 (19.6) | 249 (20.0) | 58 (18.2) |
| Hip fracture h | 67 (4.3) | 45 (3.6) | 22 (6.9) |
| Depression i | 411 (26.2) | 326 (26.1) | 85 (26.8) |
| Medications | |||
| AntiHTN | 1248 (79.9) | 1248 (100) | None |
| Diuretic | 676 (43.1) | 676 (54.2) | |
| ACEi or ARB | 782 (49.9) | 782 (62.7) | |
| CCB | 457 (29.2) | 457 (36.6) | |
| BB | 625 (39.9) | 625 (50.1) | |
| Number used | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | |
| One | 437 (27.9) | 437 (35.0) | |
| Two | 412 (26.3) | 412 (33.0) | |
| Three or more | 399 (25.5) | 399 (32.0) | |
| Non-antiHTN: number used | 3.8 ± 2.8 | 4.2 ± 2.7 | 2.4 ± 2.4 |
| Skeletal muscle function | |||
| MIP (cm H2O) j | 59.2 ± 22.6 | 59.4 ± 22.5 | 58.4 ± 22.8 |
| Respiratory muscle weakness | 222 (14.2) | 179 (14.3) | 43 (13.5) |
| Grip strength (kg) k | 24.4 ± 10.0 | 24.5 ± 9.8 | 24.2 ± 10.7 |
| Grip weakness | 620 (39.6) | 501 (40.1) | 120 (37.6) |
| Chair stand score l | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 1.0 |
| Impaired m | 1250 (79.8) | 989 (79.2) | 261 (81.8) |
| Mobility | |||
| Balance score n | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.1 |
| Impaired o | 674 (43.0) | 552 (44.2) | 122 (38.2) |
| Gait speed (meters/second) p | 0.77 ± 0.16 | 0.76 ± 0.16 | 0.79 ± 0.16 |
| Slow gait q | 947 (60.4 | 772 (61.9) | 175 (54.9) |
| Mobility impairment r | 703 (44.9) | 568 (45.5) | 135 (42.3) |
| High sedentary time s | 407 (26.0) | 337 (27.0) | 70 (21.9) |
| Dyspnea t | 675 (43.1) | 554 (44.4) | 121 (37.9) |
| Fatigue u | 283 (18.0) | 232 (18.6) | 51 (16.0) |
Abbreviations: ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; AntiHTN, antihypertensive; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ATS, American Thoracic Society; BB, beta blocker; BMI, body mass index; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale; CHD, coronary heart disease; CV, cardiovascular; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1-second; HF, heart failure; HTN, hypertension; LIFE, Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elder study; LLN, lower limit of normal; MEFI, Modified Exercise-induced Feeling Inventory; MI, myocardial infarction; MIP, maximal inspiratory pressure; PAD, peripheral artery disease; SD, Standard Deviation; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery; 400MWT, 400m walk test.
Of the original sample of 1635 LIFE participants, 2 were excluded due to missing antiHTN medication and 66 were excluded due to missing spirometry or MIP testing.
Any classified as a diuretic, ACEi, ARB, CCB, or BB.
Column percent, using imputed data (see Methods).
Blood pressure: systolic ≥140 or diastolic ≥90.
Self-reported, physician-diagnosed or use of diabetes medication.
Self-reported, physician-diagnosed MI, HF, stroke, or PAD, or silent MI on electrocardiogram.
FEV1 Z-score < −1.64 (< LLN).
Self-reported, physician-diagnosed
CES-D ≥6.
Measured by MIP in cm H2O: MIP values <LLN established respiratory muscle weakness.
By dynamometer in dominant hand: threshold for grip weakness stratified by gender and BMI.
Score range of 0–4 points, based on time to complete five chair stands.
Score of 0–2 points on five chair stands.
Score range of 0–4 points on testing of side-by-side, semi-tandem, and tandem stands.
Score of 0–2 points on testing of side-by-side, semi-tandem, and tandem stands.
Recorded during 400MWT at participant’s usual pace
Gait speed <0.8 meters/second on 400MWT was defined as slow.
SPPB total score ≤7 defined mobility impairment (moderate-to-severe).
Percentage of accelerometry wear-time with activity <100 counts/min. High sedentary time was defined by highest quartile of participants with accelerometry activity <100 counts/min.
ATS grade ≥2 (moderate-to-severe).
MEFI rating ≥3.