. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Mar 3;223(2):177–188. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.02.045

Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Studies Reporting Counts of Expulsions among Postpartum Women

Study Author, Year	Region^*	Level of Evidence^†	Study Quality^‡	IUD Type^§	Placement Timing^∥	Delivery Type^¶	Length of Follow-up	Number Enrolled or Randomized	Number of Women with lUDs Placed	Number of Women with IUDs Placed with Follow-up (%)
Agarwal, 2017⁴⁵	S.E. Asia	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Cesarean	3 months	50	50	50 (100)
Baldwin, 2016³⁷	N. America	I	Fair	Mixed	Mixed	Mixed	6 months	201	139	unknown (66^#)
Blumenthal, 2018²⁴	S.E. Asia	II-3	Good	CuT380A	Mixed	Vaginal	6 weeks	500	496	480 (97)
Braniff, 2015⁴⁰	W. Pacific	I	Fair	LNG-IUD	Mixed	Cesarean	6 months	48	42	unknown (84^#)
Bryant, 2013³²	Africa	I	Poor	CuT380A	Mixed	Vaginal	12 weeks	49	28	28 (100)
Celen, 2011²⁹	E. Mediterranean	II-3	Good	CuT380A	Immediate	Cesarean	12 months	245	245	245 (100)
Chen, 2010³⁰	N. America	I	Good	LNG-IUD	Mixed	Vaginal	6 months	124	96	84 (88)
Chen, 2017³⁸	N. America	II-2	Poor	Mixed	Mixed	Mixed	6 months	74	74	59 (80)
Cohen, 2016⁶⁶	N. America	II-3	Poor	Mixed	Immediate	Mixed	12 months	82	82	67 (82)
Cole, 2019²⁵	N. America	II-3	Poor	LNG-IUD	Immediate	Mixed	6 months	116	116	87 (75)
Colwill, 2018⁴⁶	N. America	II-2	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Mixed	6 weeks	210	210	169 (80)
Dahlke, 2011³³	N. America	I	Poor	LNG-IUD	Mixed	Vaginal	6 months	53	46	45 (98)
Dias, 2015⁴⁷	S.E. Asia	II-2	Poor	CuT380A	Immediate	Mixed	6 weeks	91	91	91 (100)
Eggebroten, 2017⁶⁷	N. America	II-2	Poor	Mixed	Immediate	Mixed	6 months	211	211	186 (88)
Elsedeek, 2012⁶²	E. Mediterranean	II-3	Fair	LNG-IUD	Immediate	Cesarean	2 years	65	65	62 (95)
Elsedeek, 2015⁶³	E. Mediterranean	II-3	Fair	LNG-IUD	Immediate	Cesarean	5 years	80	80	80 (100)
Eroglu, 2006³⁴	E. Mediterranean	II-2	Fair	CuT380A	Mixed	Vaginal	12 months	268	268	257 (96)
Goldthwaite, 2017⁶⁸	N. America	II-2	Fair	Mixed	Immediate	Vaginal	12 weeks	123	123	96 (78)
Gueye, 2013⁴⁸	Africa	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Cesarean	6 months	46	46	39 (85)
Gupta, 2014⁶¹	S.E. Asia	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Mixed	6 months	100	100	92 (92)
Gurney, 2018²⁶	N. America	II-3	Good	CuT380A	Immediate	Vaginal	6 months	200	195	162 (83)
Hayes, 2007⁶⁴	N. America	II-3	Fair	LNG-IUD	Immediate	Vaginal	10 weeks	20	20	16 (80)
Heller, 2016⁶⁹	Europe	II-3	Fair	Mixed	Immediate	Cesarean	12 months	120	114	99 (87)
Hinz, 2019²⁷	N. America	II-3	Fair	Mixed	Immediate	Mixed	6 months	118	118	114 (97)
Hooda, 2016⁴⁹	S.E. Asia	II-2	Poor	CuT380A	Immediate	Mixed	6 weeks	593	593	171 (29)
Jatlaoui, 2014⁷⁰	N. America	II-3	Fair	Mixed	Immediate	Vaginal	6 months	99	99	88 (89)
Kumar, 2019²⁸	S.E. Asia	II-3	Poor	CuT380A	Mixed	Mixed	12 months	1200	1200	844 (70)
Kumar, 2014⁵⁰	S.E. Asia	II-3	Poor	CuT380A	Mixed	Mixed	6 weeks	2733	2733	1730 (63)
Lester, 2015⁴¹	Africa	I	Poor	CuT380A	Mixed	Cesarean	6 months	68	52	unknown (90^#)
Letti Muller, 2005⁵¹	S. America	II-2	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Mixed	1 month	38	38	37 (97)
Levi, 2012⁵²	N. America	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Cesarean	6 months	90	90	42 (47)
Levi, 2015³¹	N. America	I	Good	Mixed	Mixed	Cesarean	6 months	112	87	unknown (88^#)
Mishra, 2014⁵³	S.E. Asia	II-3	Poor	CuT380A	Immediate	Mixed	4–6 weeks	564	564	434 (77)
Nelson, 2009⁵⁴	N. America	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Cesarean	6 weeks	7	7	7 (100)
Puzey, 2005⁶⁵	Africa	II-3	Poor	LNG-IUD	Immediate	Cesarean	6 months	33	33	20 (61)
Ragab, 2015⁵⁵	E. Mediterranean	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Cesarean	12 months	40	40	40 (100)
Singal, 2014⁵⁴	S.E. Asia	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Cesarean	12 months	300	300	300 (100)
Singh, 2016⁵⁷	S.E. Asia	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Mixed	Vaginal	8 weeks	80	80	80 (100)
Soon, 2018⁴³	N. America	I	Poor	LNG-IUD	Mixed	Vaginal	6 months	11	8	7 (88)
Stuart, 2012³⁶	N. America	II-3	Fair	LNG-IUD	Early	Vaginal	6 months	40	29	27 (93)
Stuart, 2015³⁵	N. America	I	Poor	LNG-IUD	Mixed	Vaginal	6 months	35	31	unknown (80^#)
Sucak, 2015⁵⁸	E. Mediterranean	II-2	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Mixed	12 months	160	160	153 (96)
Turok, 2017⁴⁴	N. America	I	Poor	LNG-IUD	Mixed	Mixed	8 weeks	285	228	214 (94)
Unal, 2018⁶⁰	E. Mediterranean	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Cesarean	3 months	70	70	68 (97)
Whitaker, 2014⁴²	N. America	I	Poor	LNG-IUD	Mixed	Cesarean	12 months	42	37	unknown (81^#)
Woo, 2015⁷¹	N. America	II-3	Poor	Mixed	Immediate	Mixed	12 months	76	76	43 (57)
Xu, 1999⁵⁹	W. Pacific	II-3	Fair	CuT380A	Immediate	Vaginal	36 months	384	384	381 (99)
Zerden, 2017³⁹	N. America	II-3	Fair	LNG-IUD	Delayed	Mixed	6 months	50	50	43 (86)

Abbreviations: Cu= copper; IUD= intrauterine device; LNG= levonorgestrel

Based on World Health Organization (WHO) Regions with Region of the Americas separated into North and South American regions.

^†

Level of evidence: I, a randomized, controlled trial; II-2, a cohort or case-controlled study that includes a comparison group; II-3, an uncontrolled descriptive study including case series.

^‡

Defined by U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (Harris RP, Helfand M, Woolf SH, et al. Current methods of the US Preventive Services Task Force: a review of the process. Am J Prev Med 2001; 20:21–35)

^§

Mixed=CuT380A and LNG IUD combined

^∥

Immediate = ≤10 minutes of placental delivery; Early = >10 minutes to <4 weeks postpartum; Mixed = Immediate and early placements; or, immediate or early placements and interval placements (≥ 4 weeks postpartum)

^¶

Mixed=vaginal or cesarean delivery

Number of women with IUDs placed having follow-up not reported, therefore percentage represents number of women with IUD placements among all women randomized.