Table 3.

Adjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI)^* for IUD Expulsion among Postpartum Women by Placement Timing

Placement Timing	Complete Expulsions† aRR (95% CI)*
Interval Timing§	1.00 (Ref)
Early or Immediate Timing#	4.49 (2.22 – 9.09)
Early Timing§	5.27 (2.56 – 10.85)
Early Inpatient	9.51 (0.63–19.52)
Early Outpatient	n/a
Immediate Timing§	8.33 (4.32 – 16.08)

Abbreviations: aRR = adjusted risk ratios; CI= confidence interval; n/a=not applicable

^*Adjusted for IUD type, delivery type, placement timing, study region, study quality and length of follow-up

^†Among women with IUDs placed with any follow-up from 48 studies

^§Immediate = within 10 minutes of placental delivery; Early = more than 10 minutes to <4 weeks postpartum; Interval = ≥4 weeks postpartum

^#Studies did not classify IUD placements between early and immediate timing