Table 4.

Adjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI)^* for IUD Expulsion among Postpartum Women by Placement Timing, Delivery Type, and IUD Type

Placement Timing, Delivery Type, and IUD Type	Complete Expulsions† aRR (95% CI)*
Early Timing§
IUD type (Inpatient only)
Copper	1.00 (Ref)
LNG	1.91 (0.96 – 3.78)
Immediate Timing§
Delivery type
Cesarean	1.00 (Ref)
Vaginal	4.57 (3.49 – 5.99)
Cesarean or Vaginal	4.03 (2.76 – 5.86)
IUD type (vaginal deliveries)
Copper	1.00 (Ref)
LNG	1.90 (1.36 – 2.65)
IUD type (cesarean deliveries)
Copper	1.00 (Ref)
LNG	0.52 (0.22 – 1.22)

Abbreviations: aRR = adjusted risk ratios; CI= confidence interval; IUD= intrauterine device; LNG= levonorgestrel

^*Adjusted for IUD type, delivery type, placement timing, study region, study quality and length of follow-up

^†Among women with IUDs placed with any follow-up from 48 studies

^§Immediate = within 10 minutes of placental delivery; Early = more than 10 minutes to <4 weeks postpartum; Interval = ≥4 weeks postpartum

^#Studies did not classify IUD placements between early and immediate timing