Table 1. In vivo assessment of immune responses against tumors in humanized mice.
Examples of the cellular interactions between tumors and immune cells are listed. Donor cells for the reconstitution of human immunity as well as specific immune cells interacting with tumor cells are shown. Ab: anitbody; Ag: antigen; CTL: cytotoxic T cells; MSC: mesenchymal stem cells; TIL: tumor infiltrating lymphocytes; MDSC: myeloid derived suppressor cells; DC: dendritic cells; Treg: regulatory T cells; PB: peripheral blood; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; TAM: tumor associated macrophages; MSC: mesenchymal stem cells; CB: cord blood cells; AML: acute myeloid leukemia.
| Transplanted/injected human cells | Human immune cells recognizing tumor or being recognized by tumor | Innoculated/injected tumor | Reported tumor-immunity interaction | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD34+ CB cells | T cells | melanoma cell line (A2058) | Recruitment of CTL to A2058 tumor sites induced by ONCOS-102 | 98 |
| DC-activated lymphocytes | CTL | ovarian cancer cell line (A2780) | Efficient splenic production of IFNγ | 10 8 |
| CXCR2 transduced T cells | CXCR2 transduced T cells | malignant melanoma cell lines | Improved homing of CXCR2-transduced human T cells to melanoma | 95 |
| Tumor infiltrating T cells (TILs) | autologous T cells | malignant melanoma cell lines | Tumor regression by transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and supply of hIL-2 | 96 |
| autologous EBV-specific T cells | autologous EBV-specific T cells | EBV-transformed LCL | Enhanced cytotoxic activity of EBV-specific human T cells by anti-hCD39 Ab | 10 1 |
| CD34+ CB cells | T cell, NK cell, MDSC, macrophages | primary hepatocellular carcinoma | Multiple innate immune cells (NK, macrophages, MDSC) in tumors | 11 0 |
| CD34+ CB cells | T cell, NK cell, MDSC, DC | primary and immortalized non-small cell lung cancer | Reduction of tumor size and activation of CD8+ T cells by Permbrolizumab | 10 2 |
| CD34+ CB cells | T cells | primary AML | Suboptimal human CB HSPC-derived T cell response against AML | 10 5 |
| CD34+ CB cells | T cells | breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) | Effect of chemotherapy and anti-ICOS Ab on tumor growth and on Treg cells | 90 |
| CD34+ CB cells | monocytes, DC | breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) | Detection of PD-L1 in tumor cells by micro-SPECT/CT imaging | 93 |
| CD34+ CB cells | T cell, B cell (in vivo treatment with either iEBVs-Rab27a siRNA or iEBVs-NC siRNA) | colon cancer cell line (Lovo cell) | Inhibition of tumor growth and increase of CD8+ T cells by EBV-mediated in vivo silencing of Rab27a | 10 9 |
| PBMC | CD8+/CD4+/Fox p3+ T cells | primary EML4-ALK variant NSCLC, NSCLC cell line (H3122: EML4-AKL variant 1) | Distribution of TILs in tumor nest and stroma | 10 4 |
| PBMC | T cells | bladder cancer cell line (VMCUB1) | Alteration of chemokines and integrins in tumor microenvironment by inhibition of PI3K pathway | 89 |
| PBMC | T cells | melanoma cell line (C8161) | Targeting PD-L1+ tumor cells by CD3xPD-L1 bi-specific T cell engager (BiTE) | 94 |
| TAMs | TAMs | primary colon cancer | Role of homeobox protein, VentX, in TAMs | 10 0 |
| CD56+NKp44+ NK cells | CD56+NKp44+ NK cells | primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | NKp44-associated immune checkpoint blockade by monoclonal antibody to PCNA | 97 |
| DC-activated lymphocytes | CTL, NK cells | lung cancer cell line (A549/A2.1) | CTL induction by engineered human DCs | 10 7 |
| PB γδ T cells | γδ T cells | neuroblastoma cell lines | Regression of neuroblastoma with combination treatment using γδ T cell and molecular-targeting drugs. | 11 1 |
| BM MSCs from neuroblastoma patients, NK cells and monocytes from | NK cells, MSC, monocytes | neuroblastoma cell lines | Immune-suppressive effect by MSCs and monocytes in neuroblastoma | 10 6 |
| PBMC | ||||
| PB CTL | CTL | primary AML, breast cancer cell line (SKBR3) | Homing of Ag-specific CTLs by fucosylation | 88 |
| CD34+ CB cells, CAR-T | CD14+ monocytes | ALL cell line (ALL-CM) | Mechanism of cytokine release syndrome in CAR-T treatment | 10 3 |
| CD34+ CB cells | CD8+ T cells, B cells, myeloid cells | primary adrenocortical carcinoma | Effect of anti-PD1 Ab on human immune cells | 99 |
| CD34+ CB cells | T cells, B cells, myeloid cells | triple negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) | Effect of anti-PD1 Ab on human immune cells | 91 |
| CD34+ CB cells | NK cells | Burkit lymphoma cell line (Raji) | Human NK cell biology in IL-15 expressing SRG mice | 92 |
| CD34+ CB cells | macrophages | melanoma cell line (Me290) | Infiltration of a specific subtype of human macrophages in MISTRG mice | 48 |