Fig. 4.

SCAP morphology after biomaterials treatment on-chip and off-chip. On day 1, untreated samples (A) had SCAP monolayers that were morphologically stable for at least 7 days, while (B) HEMA, (C) PA, and (D) SB groups showed significant cell morphology changes and decreased cell numbers on-chip. Cells cultured off-chip on day 1 showed polygonal morphology with oval nuclei in the control group (E), and almost no cells were visible after (F) HEMA treatment. Severe cytoplasmic changes and apparently fragmented nuclei were seen for (G) PA and (H) SB groups. On day 7, (I) untreated cells on-chip showed little change from day 1, while samples treated with (J) HEMA, (K) PA and (L) SB had visible morphological changes. Cells cultured off-chip that were not treated (M) showed confluent monolayers, whereas (N) HEMA, (O) PA, and (P) SB had very few cells with faint cytoplasmic staining.