Table 1.

Summary of studies on the interaction between sleep-related medicines and substance use

Drug	Authors	Study	Effect on sleep	Effect on substance use
Mirtazapine	Afshar et al.121	The efficacy of mirtazapine in the treatment of cocaine dependence with comorbid depression	Improved sleep, Lower sleep latency	no more effective than placebo in reducing cocaine use
Pregabalin	Guay122	Pregabalin in neuropathic pain: a more "pharmaceutically elegant" gabapentin?	Treatment of insomnia	Abuse potential
	Feltner et al.123	Long-term efficacy of pregabalin in generalized anxiety disorder	Treatment of insomnia	Abuse potential
	Montgomery and Kasper124	Pharmacotherapy update: pregabalin in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder	Treatment of insomnia	Abuse potential
Carbamazepine + Tiapride	Gartenmaier et al.125	Treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome with combined carbamazepine and tiapride in a patient with probable sleep apnoe syndrome	Ameliorated severe disturbances in sleep with awakening during the night	No alcohol withdrawal complications occurred
Lorazepam	Morgan and Malison126	Pilot study of lorazepam and tiagabine effects on sleep, motor learning, and impulsivity in cocaine abstinence	Increased total sleep time, Significantly enhanced light sleep	Worsened withdrawal symptoms, including next-day impulsivity and overnight, sleep-dependent motor learning
Quetiapine	Litten et al.127	A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy of quetiapine fumarate xr in very heavy-drinking alcohol-dependent patients	Improvement of poor sleep	No efficacy in reducing alcohol consumption
Trazodone	Friedmann et al.128	Trazodone for sleep disturbance after alcohol detoxification: A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial	Short‐term benefit on sleep quality	No improvements in alcohol consumption in the post detoxification period, Increased drinking when stopped
Zolpidem	Bottlender et al.129	Zolpidem dependence in a patient with former polysubstance abuse	Treatment of persistent insomnia, Developed tolerance with an increasing dose and frequency of zolpidem intake	Led to dependence with withdrawal symptoms upon dose reduction