Table 2.
Characteristics of the participants at baseline, midpoint and endpoint
| Variable | Resistance training (RT) group (n = 9) | Non-exercise control (CON) group (n = 9) | P | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Midpoint | Endpoint | Baseline | Midpoint | Endpoint | Time | Group | Time × Group interaction | |
| Weight (kg)a | 68.4 ± 3.1 | 68.6 ± 3.1 | 68.5 ± 3.0 | 68.8 ± 3.1 | 68.7 ± 3.1 | 68.6 ± 3.0 | 0.156 | 0.958 | 0.762 |
| BMI (kg/m2)a | 22.6 ± 0.9 | 22.6 ± 0.9 | 22.6 ± 0.8 | 22.3 ± 0.9 | 22.2 ± 0.9 | 22.2 ± 0.8 | 0.273 | 0.768 | 0.455 |
| FFM (kg)a | 52.5 ± 1.7 | 53.9 ± 1.8c | 54.1 ± 1.8c | 55.9 ± 1.7 | 56.1 ± 1.8 | 55.8 ± 1.8 | 0.347 | 0.341 | 0.004 |
| Muscle mass (kg)a | 49.7 ± 1.6 | 51.2 ± 1.7c | 51.4 ± 1.7c | 53.1 ± 1.6 | 53.2 ± 1.7 | 53.0 ± 1.7 | 0.399 | 0.348 | 0.003 |
| Body fat percentagea | 22.4 ± 2.0 | 20.6 ± 1.9 | 20.1 ± 2.0 | 18.3 ± 2.0 | 18.0 ± 1.9 | 18.3 ± 2.0 | 0.643 | 0.327 | 0.058 |
| Arms fat percentagea | 19.3 ± 1.8 | 17.9 ± 1.8 | 17.2 ± 1.7 | 13.7 ± 1.8 | 13.4 ± 1.8 | 13.6 ± 1.7 | 0.687 | 0.091 | 0.077 |
| Legs fat percentagea | 20.8 ± 1.7 | 19.3 ± 1.6 | 19.2 ± 1.7 | 17.7 ± 1.7 | 17.2 ± 1.6 | 17.6 ± 1.7 | 0.846 | 0.378 | 0.064 |
| Trunk fat percentagea | 25.7 ± 2.5 | 23.6 ± 2.4 | 22.8 ± 2.4 | 21.1 ± 2.5 | 20.8 ± 2.4 | 21.1 ± 2.4 | 0.484 | 0.397 | 0.075 |
| BMD (g/cm2)a | 1.16 ± 0.02 | 1.16 ± 0.02 | 1.17 ± 0.03 | 1.18 ± 0.02 | 1.18 ± 0.02 | 1.20 ± 0.03 | 0.016 | 0.538 | 0.235 |
| 25(OH) D (nmol/L)b | 26.0 ± 1.8 | 29.2 ± 2.7 | 36.7 ± 2.7cd | 27.2 ± 1.8 | 37.2 ± 2.7c | 40.7 ± 2.7cd | 0.807 | 0.261 | 0.025 |
| iPTH (pg/mL)b | 61.9 ± 8.3 | 58.7 ± 6.1 | 63.4 ± 5.6 | 37.6 ± 8.3 | 48.3 ± 6.1 | 51.5 ± 5.6 | 0.110 | 0.131 | 0.242 |
| Sun exposure (min/day) | 40.0± 9.8 | 76.5 ± 13.5 | 63.8 ± 15.2 | 50.0 ± 9.8 | 73.5 ± 13.5 | 50.5 ± 15.2 | 0.015 | 0.889 | 0.493 |
Data are presented as the adjusted mean ± SE. BMI body mass index, FFM fat free mass, BMD bone mineral density, 25(OH) D 25-hydroxyvitamin D, iPTH intact parathyroid hormone. a Adjusted by age, MVPA. b Adjusted by age, MVPA, baseline test time, changes of sun exposure and body fat percent from pre to end. cChange is significantly different from the baseline value within a subgroup. d Change is significantly different from the endpoint to midpoint within a subgroup. Boldface indicates significance (P < 0.05)