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ELISA analysis of the secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α in macrophages with M1 polarization and IL-10 and IL-1ra in macrophages with M2 polarization cultured on the titanium surface, the silanized titanium surface, and the GL13K-coated surface at 24 h. Error bars represent mean ± SD for n = 5. The downregulation of the secretion level of cytokines TNF-α (p < 0.001) and the upregulation of cytokines IL-10 (p = 0.002) were detected in the GL13K immobilized titanium group.
