Table 1.
The advantages and disadvantages of several ROS probes.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| DCFH-DA | Convenient to use | Photosensitivity and autoxidation; not specified to detect H2O2; oxidized by cytochrome c | [86, 87] |
| DHE | Convenient to use; specified to detect O2− | Produces two products with similar fluorescence characteristics which need to be resolved by HPLC and other means; photosensitivity and autoxidation | [88] |
| DHR | Convenient to use; specified to detect ONOO− | Intermediates can be reduced by mercaptan and vitamin C; autoxidation | [89] |
| FlAmBE | Convenient to use; stable fluorescence | Not specified to detect ONOO−; high background fluorescence | [90] |
| HKSOX-1/1r | Specified to detect superoxide; stable fluorescence; specified to detect O2−; insensitive to low pH | Not clear | [91] |
| MitoSOX | TPP group localized in mitochondria; convenient to use; specified to detect O2− | Interferes with mitochondrial metabolism; mitochondrial membrane; potential-dependent location; produces two products with similar fluorescence characteristics which need to be resolved by HPLC; photosensitivity and autoxidation | [92] |
| MitoPY1 | TPP group localized in mitochondria; convenient to use; stable fluorescence | Mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent location; not specified to detect ONOO−; high background fluorescence | [93] |
| MitoAR/HR | Rhodamine group localized in mitochondria; convenient to use; specified to detect ·OH/HClO | Mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent location | [94] |
| HKSOX-1m | TPP group localized in mitochondria; specified to detect O2−; stable fluorescence; insensitive to low pH | Mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent location | [91] |
| FRR2 | Rhodamine group localized in mitochondria; convenient to use; reversible real-time detection; stable fluorescence | Nonspecific; mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent location | [95] |
| Pep1-NP | Cationic styrene localized in mitochondria; convenient to use; specified to detect H2O2; stable fluorescence | Not clear | [96] |
| Hyper | Highly specific to H2O2; reversible real-time detection; stable fluorescence; MLS group localized in subcellular structure; independent of membrane potential | pH sensitive; limitation of cell transfection efficiency | [97] |
| RoGFP2-Orp1 | Highly specific to H2O2; reversible real-time detection; stable fluorescence; MLS group localized in subcellular structure; independent of membrane potential; pH insensitivity | Limitation of cell transfection efficiency | [98] |
Note. DCFH-DA: 2,′7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; DHE: dihydroethidium; O2−: superoxide anion radical; DHR: dihydrorhodamine; ONOO-: peroxynitrite anion; FlAmBE: boric acid ester derivative; HKSOX-1/1r/1m: novel O2- probes using carboxy tetrafluorofluorescein as fluorescence group (HKSOX-1/1r for cellular retention, HKSOX-1m for mitochondria-targeting); pH: potential of hydrogen; MitoSOX: DHE for mitochondria-targeting; TPP: triphenyl-phosphine; HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; MitoPY1: FlAmBE for mitochondria-targeting; MitoAR/HR: DHR for mitochondria-targeting; ·OH: hydroxyl radical; HClO: hypochlorous acid; FRR2: a novel DHR probe; Pep1-NP: a novel boric acid probe targeting mitochondria; Hyper: a genetic probe specific for H2O2; RoGFP2-Orp1: redox-sensitive green fluorescent proteins 2; MLS: mitochondrial localization sequences.