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. 2020 Jul 21;2020:5296341. doi: 10.1155/2020/5296341

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Copyright © 2020 Samuel Abokyi et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Trehalose increased autophagosomes formation and autophagy flux. (a–e) Endogenous LC3II expression in cell lysate from ARPE-19 cells treated as designated. (f, g) Live-fluorescence microscopy showing percentage of GFP-LC3–expressing cells containing >10 GFP-LC3 puncta after treatment. (h) Free GFP levels in cell lysate from GFP-LC3–expressing cells after treatment. (i) Flow cytometry results of Annexin V/PI staining in wildtype cells after trehalose treatment. Percentage of late apoptosis and early apoptosis are shown in the upper right and lower right quadrants, respectively. Data represent the mean ± SD of 3 independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by multiple comparison tests. ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001.