Table 13.
No evidence of porcine endogenous retrovirus transmission after xenotransplantation in non-human primate and human recipients.
| Recipient | Xenotransplantation type | Detection method | Longest FU (Y)a | references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NHP | Aortic endothelial cells | PCR | 2 | (Martin et al., 1998) |
| Kidney | PCR, RT-PCR | 0.64 | (Loss et al., 2001) | |
| Heart, skin, and encapsulated isles | PCR, RT-PCR, Ab assay | 2.58 | (Switzer et al., 2001) | |
| Extracorporeal liver perfusion | PCR | 1 | (Nishitai et al., 2005) | |
| Encapsulated islets | PCR, RT-PCR, Ab assay | 0.5 | (Garkavenko et al., 2008) | |
| Thymocyte infusion, vascularized thymic lobe, vascularized thymic lobe and kidney, kidney, thymokidney, heart | PCR, RT-PCR | 0.5 | (Issa et al., 2008) | |
| LKP using freshly preserved and decellularized cornea, DALK, PKP | PCR, RT-PCR | 3.22 | (Choi et al., 2017) | |
| LKP using freshly preserved and dehydrated cornea | PCR, RT-PCR | 2 | (Lee et al., 2017a) | |
| Human | Fetal islets | PCR, RT-PCR for viral RNA and RT, Ab assay | 7 | (Heneine et al., 1998) |
| Extracorporeal connection to kidney | Nested PCR, Ab assay | 3 | (Patience et al., 1998) | |
| Extracorporeal splenic, liver, kidney perfusion, extracorporeal bioartificial liver perfusion, skin, islet cells | PCR, RT-PCR, Ab assay | 8.45 | (Paradis et al., 1999) | |
| Extracorporeal bioartificial liver perfusion | PCR | 5 | (Pitkin and Mullon, 1999) | |
| Porcine fetal neuronal cells | PCR | 2 | (Dinsmore et al., 2000) | |
| Encapsulated porcine islets | PCR, RT-PCR | 1.58 | (Elliott et al., 2000) | |
| Extracorporeal porcine liver perfusion | PCR | 0.82 | (Levy et al., 2000) | |
| Extracorporeal bioartificial liver perfusion | Ab assay | 5 | (Irgang et al., 2003) | |
| Extracorporeal bioartificial liver perfusion | PCR, RT-PCR | 8.7 | (Di Nicuolo et al., 2010) | |
| Porcine skin | PCR, RT-PCR, Ab assay | 34 | (Scobie et al., 2013) |
Abbreviations: Ab: antibody, DALK: deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty, FU: follow-up, LKP: lamellar keratoplasty, NHP: non-human primate, PCR: polymerase chain reaction, PKP: penetrating keratoplasty, RNA: ribonucleic acid, RT: reverse transcriptase, RT-PCR: reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Y: years.
a
This table summarizes the results of studies which reported evidence of porcine endogenous retrovirus transmission in long-term (≥6 months) follow-up samples from the recipients.