Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Included Patients
| Variable | All Patients | Diabetic Patients | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | DM | P Value | NPDR | PDR | P Value | |
| No. of patients | 37 | 53 | 26 | 27 | ||
| Age (years) | 58.8 (13.6) | 59.8 (14.3) | 0.396 | 60.2 (10.9) | 53.2 (9.5) | 0.015 |
| Sex, male | 29 (55%) | 29 (55%) | 0.026* | 15 (58%) | 14 (52%) | 0.669 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.6 (0.9) | 8.5 (2.1) | 0.011* | 7.9 (1.4) | 9.0 (2.5) | 0.053 |
| Medications | ||||||
| ACEI/ARB | 3 (8%) | 21 (40%) | <0.001* | 11 (42%) | 10 (37%) | 0.491 |
| β-blocker | 1 (3%) | 7 (13%) | 0.031* | 2 (8%) | 5 (19%) | 0.295 |
| CCB | 4 (11%) | 19 (36%) | 0.002* | 9 (35%) | 10 (37%) | 0.949 |
| Diuretics | 0 (0%) | 8 (15%) | 0.006* | 4 (15%) | 4 (15%) | 0.843 |
| NSAID | 2 (5%) | 6 (11%) | 0.293 | 4 (15%) | 2 (7%) | 0.329 |
| Compound analgesics | 1 (3%) | 6 (11%) | 0.115 | 3 (12%) | 3 (11%) | 0.917 |
| Statins | 6 (16%) | 26 (49%) | <0.001* | 12 (46%) | 14 (52%) | 0.920 |
| Vasodilator | 2 (5%) | 3 (6%) | 0.906 | 1 (4%) | 2 (7%) | 0.600 |
| Antidiabetic medications | ||||||
| Metformin | — | — | — | 15 | 18 | 0.775 |
| Sulfonylurea | — | — | — | 8 | 14 | 0.178 |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | — | — | — | 0 | 3 | 0.237 |
| DPP4 inhibitor | — | — | — | 10 | 19 | 0.032* |
| Thiazolidinedione | — | — | — | 1 | 5 | 0.194 |
| Insulin | — | — | — | 4 | 7 | 0.428 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 133.2 (16.1) | 135.4 (20.9) | 0.606 | 138.3 (19.1) | 132.6 (22.6) | 0.325 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78.7 (12.0) | 77.4 (12.6) | 0.627 | 77.0 (14.4) | 77.7 (10.9) | 0.824 |
Data are expressed as mean (SD) or number (percentage).
ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; β-blocker, β adrenergic receptor blocker; BP, blood pressure; CCB, calcium channel blocker; DM, diabetic mellitus; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; SGLT2, sodium glucose cotransporter-2.
*
P value < 0.05 by χ2 test.