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. 2020 Aug 4;112(Suppl 1):488S–497S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa148

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Forest plot for associations between anemia among preschool children and improved household sanitation: the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project. Adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) adjusted for child sex, child age in months (continuous), household socioeconomic status (SES), maternal education (no education, primary education, secondary education, or university), and/or type of residence (rural/urban). Anemia was defined as having an altitude-adjusted hemoglobin concentration <110 g/L, except for Bangladesh (2010 and 2012), Cambodia, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Philippines, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya (2007 and 2010), and Liberia, where altitude was not available. Sanitation was defined as improved or unimproved household sanitation, and unimproved sanitation included unimproved sanitation and open defecation. SES was a 3-level ordinal variable created from asset quintiles or country income variables. Specifically, the first and second quintiles/categories were collapsed as “low SES,” the third and fourth quintiles/categories were collapsed as “medium SES,” and the fifth quintile/category was converted as “high SES.”