TABLE 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of preschool children by survey, BRINDA project1
| Country (year) | Total n | n12 | n23 | Male, % (95% CI) | Median age, mo (min–max) | Low SES,4 % (95% CI) | The child's mother had no education, % | Rural, % (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan (2013) | 19,896 | 876 | 809 | 56.1 (51.3, 60.8) | 26.4 (6–58) | 5.5 (3.1, 7.9) | N/A | N/A |
| Azerbaijan (2013) | 1404 | 1090 | 1088 | 55.4 (51.4, 59.5) | 36.1 (6–59) | 32.8 (28.1, 37.4) | N/A | 54.7 (47.6, 61.9) |
| Bangladesh (2010) | 1561 | 1499 | 1496 | 49.3 (47.1, 51.5) | 7.7 (6–11) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Bangladesh (2012) | 1108 | 946 | 607 | 44.8 (36.1, 53.4) | 37.4 (6–59) | 53.6 (43.6, 63.6) | 15.7 (10.5, 20.9) | 74.8 (67.9, 81.7) |
| Burkina Faso (2010) | 482 | 152 | 85 | 44.6 (28.6, 60.7) | 49.0 (35–59) | 23.7 (7.2, 40.1) | N/A | N/A |
| Cambodia (2014) | 874 | 793 | 536 | 55.7 (51.7, 59.7) | 32.4 (6–59) | 42.3 (33.0, 51.6) | 14.3 (8.6, 19.9) | 85.8 (79.5, 92.1) |
| Cameroon (2009) | 853 | 847 | 794 | 50.2 (46.9, 53.5) | 29.8 (12–59) | 44.4 (37.1, 51.7) | 27.7 (24.7, 30.8) | 41.4 (31.5, 51.3) |
| Colombia (2010) | 7753 | 7642 | 1637 | 52.4 (49.5, 55.2) | 30.2 (6–59) | 53.4 (50.8, 56.0) | N/A | 32.4 (30.9, 34.0) |
| Côte d'Ivoire (2007) | 864 | 834 | 552 | 51.7 (47.1, 56.3) | 29.8 (6–59) | 19.6 (15.3, 23.9) | 53.3 (46.0, 60.5) | 30.4 (24.2, 36.6) |
| Ecuador (2012) | 10,202 | 2020 | 2018 | 49.4 (45.3, 53.5) | 29.2 (6–59) | 49.1 (43.5, 54.6) | 1.2 (0.7, 1.7) | 34.8 (22.8, 46.8) |
| Kenya (2007) | 1056 | 1043 | 991 | 51.8 (49.0, 54.6) | 19.3 (6–35) | 41.1 (36.0, 46.2) | 2.5 (1.6, 3.4) | 100 |
| Kenya (2010) | 896 | 860 | 832 | 50.6 (46.9, 54.3) | 22.3 (6–35) | 39.7 (34.3, 45.1) | 1.6 (0.6, 2.6) | 100 |
| Laos (2006) | 514 | 497 | 494 | 50.1 (45.6, 54.6) | 33.1 (6–59) | 60.8 (50.4, 71.3) | 35.2 (26.7, 43.7) | 85.7 (77.0, 94.4) |
| Liberia (2011) | 1476 | 1457 | 1453 | 50.4 (47.6, 53.3) | 19.0 (6–35) | 36.3 (30.1, 42.5) | N/A | 63.1 (59.6, 66.6) |
| Malawi (2016) | 1233 | 1189 | 1170 | 50.1 (47.2, 53.0) | 32.0 (6–59) | 49.8 (44.0, 55.6) | 11.1 (7.0, 15.3) | 90.4 (80.3, 100.0) |
| Mexico (2006) | 6618 | 6617 | 6270 | 50.4 (48.4, 52.3) | 38.1 (12–59) | 46.6 (44.2, 49.1) | N/A | 24.1 (21.8, 26.4) |
| Nicaragua (2005) | 1424 | 1424 | 1420 | 49.8 (46.5, 53.1) | 34.3 (6–59) | N/A | 17.0 (13.0, 21.0) | 43.7 (31.4, 55.9) |
| Pakistan (2011) | 10,689 | 10,608 | 10,447 | 52.3 (51.2, 53.5) | 24.4 (6–59) | 42.5 (40.3, 44.8) | 57.6 (55.7, 59.5) | 69.8 (67.2, 72.5) |
| PNG (2005) | 934 | 911 | 907 | 55.0 (51.8, 58.2) | 30.4 (6–59) | 40.1 (29.0, 51.3) | N/A | 80.6 (71.4, 89.8) |
| Philippines (2011) | 1784 | 1784 | 1782 | 49.9 (46.9, 53.0) | 15.3 (6–23) | 84.4 (81.3, 87.6) | 6.0 (4.3, 7.7) | 90.8 (90.2, 91.5) |
| Rwanda (2010) | 617 | 576 | 575 | 47.6 (43.6, 51.7) | 34.3 (6–59) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
We examined household sociodemographic characteristics as percentages using PROC SURVEYFREQ (SAS Institute Inc). Medians (minimum to maximum) for continuous age were determined using PROC SURVEYMEANS (SAS Institute Inc). BRINDA, Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia; max, maximum; min, minimum; N/A, not available; PNG, Papua New Guinea; SES, socioeconomic status.
n1 was the biomarker sample size, obtained after applying an inclusion criterion of observations with ≥1 biomarker (hemoglobin, ferritin, transferrin receptor, retinol, retinol-binding protein, zinc, vitamin B-12, folate, or red blood cell folate).
n2 was the analytic sample size, obtained after applying an inclusion criterion of observations with a biologically plausible hemoglobin concentration (40–180 g/L) and a variable reflecting household water source or sanitation.
SES was a 3-level ordinal variable created from survey-specific asset quintiles or country income variables. Specifically, the first and second quintiles/categories were collapsed as “low SES,” the third and fourth quintiles/categories were collapsed as “medium SES,” and the fifth quintile/category was converted as “high SES.”