TABLE 2.
Prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and anemia among preschool children by survey: Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia project1
| MDI, % | Prevalence of individual micronutrient deficiency, % | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country, survey year | # MN | 0 | 1 | >1 | Iron | Vitamin A | Zinc | Vitamin B-12 | Folate | Vitamin D | Anemia |
| Cambodia, 2014 | 6 | 39.0 (30.5, 47.6) | 48.9 (41.4, 56.4) | 12.0 (8.0, 16.1) | 5.4 (2.9, 7.9) | 5.6 (3.3, 7.9) | 62.8 (53.8, 71.7) | 2.1 (0.6, 3.6) | 6.0 (3.2, 8.8) | 4.7 (1.3, 8.0) | 53.3 (47.4, 59.2) |
| Cameroon, 2009 | 5 | 23.8 (20.3, 27.4) | 46.7 (43.3, 50.1) | 29.5 (25.9, 33.0) | 34.9 (30.7, 39.1) | 9.9 (7.4, 12.4) | 58.5 (53.6, 63.3) | 15.4 (10.6, 20.1) | 8.5 (5.0, 11.9) | — | 54.9 (49.9, 59.9) |
| Mongolia, 2006 | 5 | 7.1 (3.7, 10.4) | 32.7 (26.7, 38.9) | 60.2 (53.8, 66.6) | 43.8 (37.3, 50.3) | 26.8 (20.6, 33.0) | 78.8 (73.4, 84.1) | — | 16.3 (11.3, 21.2) | 71.7 (62.5, 80.9) | 24.3 (18.7, 29.9) |
| Vietnam, 2010 | 5 | 26.5 (21.8, 31.3) | 50.7 (44.8, 56.5) | 22.8 (18.1, 27.5) | 18.5 (14.6, 22.4) | 5.6 (3.1, 8.1) | 56.5 (51.0, 62.0) | — | 4.1 (1.0, 7.1) | 20.8 (15.9, 25.8) | 7.5 (4.4, 10.6) |
| Afghanistan, 2013 | 4 | 25.3 (20.3, 30.4) | 35.9 (30.7, 41.0) | 38.8 (34.2, 43.4) | 23.0 (18.3, 27.7) | 38.8 (33.3, 44.3) | 23.1 (17.8, 28.3) | — | — | 43.4 (37.2, 49.6) | 39.8 (33.1, 46.5) |
| Colombia, 2010 | 4 | 41.3 (39.1, 43.4) | 45.0 (42.8, 47.1) | 13.8 (12.4, 15.1) | 13.6 (12.1, 15.0) | 17.6 (15.9, 19.4) | 44.8 (42.6, 47.1) | — | — | — | 13.5 (12.0, 15.1) |
| Ecuador, 2012 | 4 | 58.9 (55.6, 62.2) | 32.2 (29.9, 34.5) | 8.9 (6.6, 11.2) | 12.7 (10.2, 15.1) | — | 26.3 (23.7, 28.9) | — | 0.9 (0.2, 1.6) | — | 22.3 (18.7, 26.0) |
| Mexico, 2006 | 4 | 51.6 (47.6, 55.6) | 37.8 (34.1, 41.5) | 10.6 (8.4, 12.9) | 35.1 (31.5, 38.7) | — | 28.2 (24.1, 32.3) | 2.6 (1.1, 4.0) | 4.2 (2.4, 6.0) | — | 20.7 (17.5, 23.8) |
| Mexico, 2012 | 4 | 75.9 (73.3, 78.4) | 21.9 (19.5, 24.2) | 2.3 (1.4, 3.1) | 18.5 (15.7, 21.4) | 7.3 (5.6, 9.0) | — | 0.3 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.7) | — | 18.5 (15.6, 21.4) |
| Pakistan, 2011 | 4 | 10.8 (9.8, 11.8) | 34.3 (32.9, 35.8) | 54.9 (53.1, 56.7) | 51.6 (50.0, 53.2) | 51.7 (49.5, 54.0) | 49.6 (47.6, 51.7) | — | — | 18.2 (16.7, 19.8) | 63.2 (61.8, 64.5) |
| USA, 2006 | 4 | 85.7 (82.5, 88.9) | 13.8 (10.6, 16.9) | 0.6 (0.1, 1.0) | 12.9 (9.8, 16.1) | — | — | — | 2.5 (1.9, 3.1) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.3) | 1.9 (0.8, 3.0) |
| Azerbaijan, 2013 | 3 | 67.0 (63.1, 70.8) | 28.8 (25.2, 32.4) | 4.2 (2.7, 5.6) | 22.0 (18.3, 25.7) | 6.6 (4.1, 9.1) | 9.2 (7.2, 11.3) | — | — | — | 28.6 (24.5, 32.7) |
| Bangladesh, 2012 | 3 | 54.8 (46.4, 63.2) | 36.8 (27.4, 46.2) | 8.3 (2.9, 13.8) | 11.6 (6.4, 16.8) | 10.0 (4.2, 15.7) | 47.3 (36.1, 58.5) | — | — | — | 31.8 (23.0, 40.7) |
| Malawi, 2016 | 3 | 35.8 (30.9, 40.7) | 51.2 (46.8, 55.5) | 13.0 (9.8, 16.2) | 21.9 (16.4, 27.4) | 7.9 (5.3, 10.4) | 60.8 (54.8, 66.8) | — | — | — | 30.8 (27.0, 34.5) |
| Bangladesh, 2010 | 2 | 79.0 (76.2, 81.7) | 20.0 (17.4, 22.6) | 1.1 (0.4, 1.7) | 16.0 (13.4, 18.5) | 6.2 (4.2, 8.2) | — | — | — | — | 83.4 (81.0, 85.8) |
| Cote d'Ivoire, 2007 | 2 | 59.0 (54.8, 63.2) | 40.1 (36.0, 44.2) | 0.9 (0.2, 1.6) | 38.9 (35.0, 42.9) | 3.0 (1.7, 4.4) | — | — | — | — | 71.9 (66.8, 76.9) |
| Kenya, 2007 | 2 | 25.3 (21.8, 28.8) | 70.2 (66.6, 73.7) | 4.5 (3.2, 5.9) | 73.0 (69.3, 76.6) | 6.3 (4.2, 8.3) | — | — | — | — | 67.1 (63.1, 71.0) |
| Kenya, 2010 | 2 | 42.5 (38.9, 46.1) | 53.1 (49.6, 56.6) | 4.4 (3.1, 5.8) | 53.7 (50.0, 57.4) | 8.2 (6.6, 9.8) | — | — | — | — | 71.5 (67.9, 75.1) |
| Liberia, 2011 | 2 | 46.8 (42.7, 50.8) | 50.1 (46.4, 53.7) | 3.2 (2.1, 4.3) | 51.1 (47.1, 55.0) | 5.3 (3.9, 6.8) | — | — | — | — | 59.5 (55.6, 63.4) |
| Nicaragua, 2005 | 2 | 77.1 (70.3, 83.9) | 22.5 (15.8, 29.2) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.8) | 44.9 (38.2, 51.6) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.3) | — | — | — | — | 20.3 (15.7, 24.8) |
| Philippines, 2011 | 2 | 64.6 (61.1, 68.2) | 34.8 (31.3, 38.3) | 0.5 (0.1, 0.9) | 34.9 (31.4, 38.4) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.5) | — | — | — | — | 41.9 (37.8, 45.9) |
| Georgia, 2009 | 1 | 99.8 (99.6, 100) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.4) | 0.0 | 0.2 (0.0, 0.4) | — | — | — | — | — | 23.1 (19.8, 26.4) |
| Laos, 2006 | 1 | 74.4 (69.6, 79.1) | 25.6 (20.9, 30.4) | 0.0 | 25.6 (20.9, 30.4) | — | — | — | — | — | 40.5 (31.0, 50.0) |
| PNG, 2005 | 1 | 88.4 (86.0, 90.8) | 11.6 (9.2, 14.0) | 0.0 | — | 11.6 (9.2, 14.0) | — | — | — | — | 48.1 (42.4, 53.9) |
Values represent n or % (95% CI), unless otherwise indicated. Surveys in descending order of # MN and ascending order of MDI = 0. Estimates take into account survey design variables (cluster, strata, weight). Mongolia did not use a complex sampling design, so the 95% CI was generated using a binomial distribution. Cutoffs to define deficiency: iron, inflammation-adjusted ferritin < 12 µg/L; vitamin A, inflammation-adjusted retinol-binding protein or retinol < 0.7 μmol/L; zinc, serum or plasma zinc < 650 µg/L for nonfasting children in the morning or <570 µg/L for nonfasting children in the afternoon/evening (adjusted for inflammation in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Cameroon, and Ecuador); folate, RBC folate < 226.5 nmol/L (if measured using the microbiologic assay) or serum or plasma folate < 6.8 nmol/L; vitamin B-12, serum or plasma vitamin B-12 < 150 pmol/L; vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D < 30 nmol/L. MDI was defined as the number of micronutrient biomarkers with values below the threshold used to define risk of deficiency. MDI, Micronutrient Deficiency Index; PNG, Papua New Guinea; # MN, number of micronutrients measured.