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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Magn Reson Med. 2020 May 9;84(5):2338–2351. doi: 10.1002/mrm.28306

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

(A) Coupling of NAD(H) redox reactions with metabolic pathways in glycolysis and mitochondrial TCA cycle. (B) Production of UDP-Gal and UDP-Glc in the Leloir pathway (LP), and of UDP-GalNAc and UDP-GlcNAc in the hexoamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). Abbreviations: ATP, adenosine triphosphate; NAD(H), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (reflecting the sum NAD+ and NADH); UDP, Uridine diphosphate; UDP-Gal, UDP-galactose; UDP-Glc, UDP-glucose; UDP-GalNAc, UDP-N-acetyl-galactose; and UDP-GlcNAc, UDP-N-acetyl-glucose; UDP(G) reflects the sum of UDP-Gal, UDP-Glc, UDP-GalNAc, and UDP-GlcNAc. Enzymes in the numbered steps: 1. glucose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase; 2. galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase; 3. UDP-galactose 4-epimerase; 4. UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine diphosphorylase; and 5. UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine 4-epimerase.