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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biomaterials. 2020 Jun 14;255:120207. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120207

Table 3.

Summary of in vitro angiogenic biomaterials

Macroscale Platforms
Material Cell Types Media Vessel
Network
Quantification		 Reference
Collagen/fibrin 5:1 – 1:5 HUVEC:MSC
6 × 105 cells/mL		 -- Total length: 0.75 – 7.5 mm/mm2 Branches: 30 – 240/mm2 [100]
GelMA 1:1 ECFC:MSC
2 × 106 cells/mL		 EGM2 Total length: 0.5 – 4 mm/mm2 Branches: 10 – 30/mm2 [187]
Collagen 1:5:1 RBE4:AC:PC
5 × 105 RBE4s/mL		 Alpha MEM/ Ham’s F10 + 20% rat serum Average branch length: 0.15 – 0.25 mm Branches: 100 – 400/construct [182]
Fibrin 5:1 HUVEC:NHLF
0.1 × 105 – 3 × 106 HUVECs/mL		 EGM2 Total length: 4 – 12 mm/mm2 Branches: 1 – 1.5/vessel network [188]
Fibrin 5:1 – 1:2 EC:FB
1 × 106 HUVECs/mL		 EGM2 Total length: 4 – 12 mm/mm2 Branches: 20 – 70/mm2 [189]
PEGGGGPQGIWGQGK + RGD + VEGF 4:1 HUVEC:10T1/2
30 × 106 cells/mL		 EGM2 Total length: 0.8 mm [191]
GelMA 1:2 HUVEC:NHLF
1.5 × 106 – 6 × 106 cells/mL		 EGM2 Total length: 25–50 mm/mm3 Branches: 500 – 7500/mm3 [202]
PEG/PLL 10:1 EC:NPC 1 × 106 HUVECs/implant DMEM + 10% FBS Branches:
2/area		 [277]
Collagen 5.5 × 105 – 2.2 × 106 iPSC-EP EGM2/SMGM2 Total length: 0.4 – 10 mm/slice Branches: 1020/slice [181]
PEG
Heparin + GCGGPQGIWGQGGCG + RGD + VEGF + bFGF + SDF1a		 6 × 106 HUVECs/mL
MSC/HDF/SMC/10T1/2		 ECGM Total length: 520 mm/mm2 Branches: 0–60/mm2 [201]
PEG/PPLGgPEG
GPQIWQG + RGD		 12 × 106 iPS-ECs/mL VascuLife + iCell supplement Total length: 560 mm/image volume [193]
PEGKCGGPQGIWGQGCK + RGD 2:1 ESC-EC:PC
1.7 × 106 HUVECs/mL		 E7V Total area: 3040 mm2/mm2 Branch points: 0.1–0.15/mm2 [251]
PEGGCRDVPMSMRGGDRCG + RGD 1:1 HUVEC:NHDF
4 × 106 cells/mL		 VascuLife Total length: 20–50 mm/mm2 [194]
Hyaluronic acid RGD 1:1 HUVEC:HFF-1
4 × 106 cells/mL		 EGM2 Average branch length: 0.07 – 0.30 mm [321]
PCL/collagen/hyaluronic acid
VEGF + PDGFBB		 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 HUVEC:FB
5 × 104 – 5 × 105 HUVECs/mL		 EBM2 Average branch length: 0.15 mm [210]
PEG/collagen 1:1 HUVEC:NHLF EGM2 Total length: 15 mm/ROI [211]
Microfluidic Platforms
Fibrin 1:2 – 2:1 HUVEC:NHLF
1 × 106 – 4 × 106 HUVECs/mL		 EGM2-MV Average branch length: 0.05 – 0.11 mm Branches: 90–250/mm2 [224]
Fibrin 2:1 HUVEC:MSC
12 × 106 HUVECs/mL		 EGM2-MV Total length: 813 mm/ROI Branches: 90–150/mm2 [225]
Fibrin 3:1:1 iPS-EC:PC:AC
6 × 106 HUVECs/mL		 VascuLife + iCell supplement Average branch length: 0.15 – 0.25 mm [226]
Fibrin 2:1 iPS-EC:NHLF
1 × 107 HUVECs/mL		 EGM2 Total length: 6 mm/ROI [243]

EC: endothelial cell; FB: fibroblast; HUVEC: human umbilical vein endothelial cell; MSC: mesenchymal stem cell; ECFC: endothelial colony-forming cell; RBE: rat brain endothelial; AC: astrocyte; PC: pericyte; NHLF: normal human lung fibroblast; HFF-1: human foreskin fibroblast; NPC: neural progenitor cell; iPSC-EP: induced pluripotent stem cell - endothelial progenitor; HDF: human dermal fibroblast; SMC: smooth muscle cell; iPS-EC: induced pluripotent stem - endothelial cell; ESC-EC: embryonic stem cell - endothelial cell; NHDF: normal human dermal fibroblast; ROI: region of interest; GelMA: methacrylamide-functionalized gelatin; PEG: polyethylene glycol; PLL: poly-L-lysine; PPLG: poly (propargyl-L-glutamate); PCL: polycaprolactone