TABLE 1.
Descriptive statistics.
| Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | |
| 1. α+−α− | 0.15 | 0.32 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2. α+ | 0.64 | 0.17 | 0.33** | −− | |||||||||||||||||
| 3. α− | 0.64 | 0.17 | 0.32** | 0.97** | −− | ||||||||||||||||
| 4. Performance | 2399.12 | 940.65 | −0.46** | –0.12 | −0.16+ | −− | |||||||||||||||
| 5. Exploitation (Model 1) | 43.73 | 16.39 | –0.13 | –0.08 | –0.08 | 0.56** | −− | ||||||||||||||
| 6. Exploration (Model 1) | 17.7 | 8.64 | 0.21* | 0.06 | 0.06 | −0.51** | −0.74** | −− | |||||||||||||
| 7. Ratio (Model 1) | 5.13 | 8.08 | –0.11 | −0.21* | −0.21* | 0.47** | 0.73** | −0.68** | −− | ||||||||||||
| 8. RPE (Model 1) | –51.58 | 406.42 | −0.17* | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.36** | −0.23** | 0.07 | −− | |||||||||||
| 9. Exploitation (Model 2) | 39.84 | 13.83 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.33** | 0.73** | −0.54** | 0.72** | –0.10 | −− | ||||||||||
| 10. Exploration (Model 2) | 19.26 | 7.52 | –0.08 | –0.06 | 0.15+ | −0.28** | −0.62** | 0.50** | −0.60** | −0.56** | −0.73** | −− | |||||||||
| 11. Ratio (Model 2) | 3.19 | 3.97 | –0.03 | –0.09 | –0.07 | 0.37** | 0.61** | −0.48** | 0.89** | 0.80** | 0.74** | −0.73** | −− | ||||||||
| 12. RPE (Model 2) | 13.95 | 117.44 | 0.14 | 0.15+ | –0.09 | −0.16+ | –0.07 | 0.02 | −0.24** | –0.07 | 0.04 | 0.04 | –0.01 | −− | |||||||
| 13. Extraversion | 3.61 | 0.95 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.05 | –0.03 | –0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | –0.05 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.10 | −− | ||||||
| 14. Neuroticism | 3.29 | 0.97 | –0.10 | –0.01 | –0.06 | 0.09 | –0.04 | –0.06 | 0.05 | 0.11 | –0.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | –0.04 | −0.40** | −− | |||||
| 15. Openness | 3.89 | 0.83 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.06 | –0.01 | –0.05 | 0.08 | 0.04 | –0.09 | –0.04 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.23* | −0.21* | −− | ||||
| 16. Conscientiousness | 4.19 | 0.69 | –0.14 | −0.19* | −0.22** | 0.17* | 0.12 | −0.16+ | 0.13 | 0.10 | –0.04 | –0.09 | 0.11 | –0.13 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.04 | −− | |||
| 17. Agreeableness | 3.4 | 0.89 | –0.01 | –0.01 | 0.03 | −0.24** | −0.18* | 0.23** | –0.05 | −0.30** | –0.10 | 0.17* | –0.04 | 0.00 | 0.37** | −0.24** | 0.14 | 0.29** | −− | ||
| 18. Spatial WMC | 23.81 | 13.38 | –0.15 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.17* | 0.14 | –0.07 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.14 | –0.07 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.00 | –0.10 | 0.01 | 0.02 | −− | |
| 19. Verbal WMC | 25.73 | 12.75 | –0.10 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.16+ | 0.07 | –0.10 | –0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.16+ | –0.14 | –0.03 | 0.05 | –0.07 | –0.02 | 0.01 | –0.08 | 0.37** | −− |
| 20. Logical WMC | 28.18 | 11.65 | 0.16+ | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.11 | –0.07 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.06 | –0.06 | 0.02 | –0.02 | 0.01 | 0.07 | –0.01 | –0.02 | 0.22* | 0.24** |
+p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. RPE refers to the sum of reward prediction errors. Model 1 and Model 2 indicates, respectively, an asymmetric Q learning model and an asymmetric time-varying Q learning model.