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. 2020 Jul 23;11:765. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00765

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Copyright © 2020 Sykes, Almansa, Ponte, Cooke and Andrews.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Pictures taken each second (1–18 s) from a video recording of the digestive tract of O. vulgaris, in vitro (in sea water gassed with air). The animal had been fed a crab 1 h before killing (see Fiorito et al., 2015). The sequence shows the progression of a peristaltic wave (indicated by a white dot) from close to its origin and progressing aborally to the crop/stomach junction. The pressure created by the contraction moves material (yellow arrow) from the crop to the stomach and it is no longer visible after Frame 10. In Frame 16, the crop contraction reaches the stomach and in frames 17 and 18, the contraction subsides allowing material (yellow arrow) to reflux from the stomach toward the crop. The vertical axis of the frames is ~8 cm. B, beak; Es, esophagus; Cr, crop; and St, stomach.