TABLE 1.
Effect of various stresses on the lipid and carotenoid production of microalgae.
| Microalgae | Stress condition | Performance | References |
| C. vulgaris | Nitrogen limitation | Lipid content (% biomass) was increased from 30 to 89% | Shen et al. (2020) |
| N. oleoabundans | Nitrogen limitation | Lipid yield was increased 2-fold | Li et al. (2008) |
| C. vulgaris | Nitrogen limitation | Lipid productivity was increased from 226.5 to 305.7 mg L–1 day–1 | Liu T. et al. (2016) |
| C. zofingiensis | Nitrogen limitation | Carotenoid content was increased from 0.05 to 4.5 mg g–1 | Mulders et al. (2014) |
| D. salina | Nitrogen limitation | β-carotene productivity was increased from 1.28 to a maximum of 14.4 g LCV–1 day–1 | Lamers et al. (2012) |
| Scenedesmus sp. | Phosphorus limitation | Lipid content was increased from 30% to 53% | Li X. et al. (2010) |
| B. braunii | Phosphorus limitation | Lipid yield was increased from 218 to 416 g L–1 | Shen et al. (2020) |
| C. regularis | Sufficient phosphorus and mitrogen limitation | Lipid content was increased from 24.3% (50 mg L–1 nitrogen + 45 mg L–1 phosphorus) to 42.3% (250 mg L–1 nitrogen + 5.5 mg L–1 phosphorus) | Fu et al. (2017) |
| C. vulagris | Sulfur limitation | The maximum total lipid content of 53.43 ± 3.93% g gDW–1 was obtained | Sakarika and Kornaros (2017) |
| P. tricornutum | High light | TAG productivity was increased from 15.58 to 31.39 mg L–1 day–1 | He et al. (2015) |
| C. protothecoides | High light | Total lipid content increased from 24.8 to 37.5%, and C16-18 fatty acids increased from 76.97 to 90.24% | Kurpan Nogueira et al. (2015) |
| Desmodesmus sp. | High light | A maximum lutein productivity of 3.6 mg L–1 day–1 was obtained | Lamers et al. (2010) |
| D. salina | High light | The highest β-carotene production of 30 pg cell–1 day–1 was obtained | Xie et al. (2013) |
| H.pluvialis | Nitrogen limitation and high light | Lipid and astaxanthin production reached 40.69 and 1.85%, respectively | Zhao et al. (2018) |
| A. mangrovei | Lower temperature | The DHA fraction was increased from 29 to 42% | Kanokwan and Cornelis (2012) |
| N.salina | Lower temperature | EPA content was increased 2- to 3-fold. | Guedes et al. (2010) |
| Muriellopsis sp. | High temperatures | A maximum lutein content of 0.54% d.wt. at 44°C was acquired | Del Campo et al. (2000) |
| C. protothecoides | High salinity | The highest lipid content of 41.2% and lipid yield of 185.8 mg g–1 were obtained under 30g L–1 NaCl condition | Wang et al. (2016) |
| C. vulgaris | High salinity | The lipid content was enhanced from 60 to 70% when the NaCl concentration was increased from 0.5 to 1.0 M | Takagi et al. (2006) |
| H. pluvialis | High salinity | The maximum astaxanthin content of 5.01 mg g–1 was obtained | Ding et al. (2019) |
| D. salina | High salinity | Resulted in a 30-fold increase in β-carotene production | Coesel et al. (2008) |