Table 3.

Association between clinical pathologic variables and postoperative bleeding in patients with malignant disease.

Variables	Postoperative bleeding		Chi-square test	Multivariate analysis
	Yes	No		p	HR [95% CI]
Age
≥50	142 (54.0%)	15,222 (56.5%)
<50	121 (46.0%)	11,700 (43.5%)	0.407
Sex
Female	215 (81.7%)	21,438 (79.6%)
Male	48 (19.3%)	5,484 (20.4%)	0.396
Smoker
Yes	35 (13.3%)	3,985 (14.8%)
No	228 (86.7%)	22,937 (85.2%)	0.497
Drinker
No	208 (79.1%)	23,338 (86.7%)
Yes	55 (20.9%)	3,584 (13.3%)	<0.001	0.245	1.887 [0.896–2.006]
Hypertension
No	193 (73.4%)	21,800 (81.0%)
Yes	70 (26.6%)	5,122 (19.0%)	0.001	<0.001	1.553 [1.034–2.117]
Diabetes
No	209 (79.5%)	22,701 (84.3%)
Yes	54 (20.5%)	4,221 (15.7%)	0.031	<0.001	1.468 [1.104–2.004]
BMI
<24	181 (68.8%)	16,576 (61.6%)
24-28	62 (23.6%)	7,120 (26.4%)		<0.001	1.463 [1.078–1.998]
≥28	20 (7.6%)	3,226 (12.0%)	<0.001	<0.001	2.110 [1.547–2.997]
Chemotherapy
No	251 (95.4%)	26,289 (97.6%)
Yes	12 (4.6%)	633 (2.4%)	0.019	0.098	1.887 [0.987–2.412]
Radiotherapy
Yes	6 (2.3%)	445 (1.7%)
No	257 (97.7%)	26,477 (98.3%)	0.458
LMWHR*
Yes	30 (11.4%)	2,997 (11.1%)
No	233 (88.6%)	23,925 (88.9%)	0.888
Operation time
<2 h	108 (41.1%)	15,812 (58.7%)
≥2 h	155 (58.9%)	11,110 (41.3%)	<0.001	<0.001	1.557 [1.075–1.999]
Tumor stage
T1+T2	97 (36.9%)	14,555 (54.1%)
T3+T4	166 (63.1%)	12,367 (45.9%)	<0.001	<0.001	2.345 [1.567–3.669]
Lateral neck dissection
No	156 (59.3%)	15,256 (56.7%)
Unilateral	73 (27.8%)	7,566 (28.1%)
Bilateral	34 (12.9%)	4,100 (15.2%)	<0.001	0.112	1.947 [0.913–2.664]
Pathology
Papillary carcinoma	261 (99.2%)	26,700 (99.2%)
Others	2 (0.8%)	222 (0.8%)	1.000
Tracheotomy
No	255 (97.0%)	26,749 (99.4%)
Yes	8 (3.0%)	173 (0.6%)	<0.001	<0.001	1.765 [1.114–2.132]

^*LMWHR, low-molecular-weight heparin replacement.