Table 1.
Natural source, evaluated model of autoimmune diseases, and reported effect of natural compounds.
| Reported compound | Natural source | Evaluated model | Reported effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quercetin | Fruits and vegetables (particularly red onion and leaves tea) | CIA mice | ↑HO-1 protein in synovium, modulation of Th17/Treg balance, ↓pro-inflammatory cytoquines | (100) |
| DSS-induced colitis mice | ↑HO-1 protein in intestinal macrophages, ↑IL-10, ↓TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL17A, and IL-6, ↓intestinal histological score | (231) | ||
| Curcumin | Curcuma Longa | STZ-induced T1D rats | ↑HO-1 mRNA in liver, ↓blood glucose | (105) |
| STZ-induced T1D rats | ↑HO-1 mRNA and activity in pancreas, aorta, and liver, ↓blood glucose, ↑plasma insulin | (232) | ||
| Nephrectomized rats IBD | ↑HO-1 protein in kidney, ↓TGF-β, TNF-α, and COX2 | (233) | ||
| Resveratrol | Fruits and vegetables | STZ-induced T1D mice | ↑HO-1 mRNA and protein in testicular tissues | (234) |
| STZ-induced T1D rats | ↑HO-1 protein, ↓TGF-β in heart | (235) | ||
| Osteoarthritis-induced rats | ↑HO-1 protein in joint tissue, ↓NF-kB protein, ↓TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18 | (236) | ||
| Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) | Green tea | DNBS-induced colitis rats | ↑HO-1 protein in colon, ↓MPO, ICAM-1, and TNF-α ↓diarrhea | (237) |
| Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) | Honeybee propolis | STZ-induced T1D rats | ↑HO-1 protein, ↓blood glucose, ↑plasmatic insulin, ↓iNOS, | (238) |
| Garlic-derived organosulfur compounds (DAS, DADS, DATS, SAC, AMS) | Allium sativum, mustard, Ferula assafoetida | STZ-induced T1D rats | ↑HO-1 mRNA and protein in heart, ↓cardiac injury | (239) |
| Isothiocyanates (sulforaphane, phenethyl isothiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate) | Cruciferous vegetables | DSS-induced colitis mice | ↑HO-1 mRNA in colon, ↓clinical score, ↓TNF-α, NO, MPO, IL-1, IL-6, and iNOS | (240) |
Only studies where the HO-1 induction was evaluated are listed.