Table 2.
Association between intake of dairy products and bladder cancer risk in the PLCO cancer screening trial.
| Variables (g/day) | Median (g/day) | Cohort (n) | Cases (n) | Age- and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI), p-value | Multivariable adjusted HR (95% CI)*, p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total milk | |||||
| Q1 (<30.02) | 5.49 | 25,432 | 161 | Reference group | Reference group |
| Q2 (≥30.02 to <115.88) | 68.58 | 25,429 | 207 | 1.15 (0.93–1.41), p = 0.193 | 1.16 (0.94–1.42), p = 0.171 |
| Q3 (≥115.88 to <285.49) | 176.92 | 25,466 | 184 | 0.97 (0.78–1.19), p = 0.750 | 0.99 (0.80–1.22), p = 0.910 |
| Q4 (≥285.49) | 525.87 | 25,394 | 224 | 1.10 (0.90–1.35), p = 0.346 | 1.13 (0.92–1.40), p = 0.243 |
| p for trend = 0.590 | p for trend = 0.436 | ||||
| Whole milk# | |||||
| Q1 (0) | 0.00 | 90,451 | 688 | Reference group | Reference group |
| Q2 (>0 to <21.47) | 6.39 | 3854 | 16 | 0.59 (0.36–0.97), p = 0.036 | 0.58 (0.35–0.95), p = 0.031 |
| Q3 (≥21.47 to <122.22) | 58.78 | 3660 | 36 | 1.25 (0.89–1.75), p = 0.192 | 1.13 (0.81–1.60), p = 0.470 |
| Q4 (≥122.22) | 276.64 | 3756 | 36 | 1.09 (0.78–1.52), p = 0.627 | 0.97 (0.69–1.36), p = 0.860 |
| p for trend = 0.462 | p for trend = 0.990 | ||||
| 2% milk# | |||||
| Q1 (0) | 0.00 | 70,212 | 510 | Reference group | Reference group |
| Q2 (>0 to <40.39) | 12.33 | 10,521 | 84 | 1.18 (0.93–1.48), p = 0.170 | 1.11 (0.88–1.40), p = 0.369 |
| Q3 (≥40.39 to <161.04) | 88.36 | 10,498 | 82 | 1.02 (0.81–1.29), p = 0.853 | 0.99 (0.78–1.25), p = 0.919 |
| Q4 (≥161.04) | 302.60 | 10,490 | 100 | 1.10 (0.89–1.36), p = 0.392 | 1.03 (0.83–1.29), p = 0.779 |
| p for trend = 0.484 | p for trend = 0.880 | ||||
| 1% milk# | |||||
| Q1 (0) | 0.00 | 84,667 | 649 | Reference group | Reference group |
| Q2 (>0 to <67.01) | 22.33 | 5685 | 32 | 0.76 (0.53–1.09), p = 0.135 | 0.77 (0.54–1.10), p = 0.147 |
| Q3 (≥67.01 to <223.74) | 134.73 | 5725 | 41 | 0.84 (0.62–1.16), p = 0.292 | 0.87 (0.63–1.19), p = 0.390 |
| Q4 (≥223.74) | 395.22 | 5644 | 54 | 1.06 (0.80–1.40), p = 0.688 | 1.10 (0.83–1.46), p = 0.500 |
| p for trend = 0.873 | p for trend = 0.641 | ||||
| Skim milk# | |||||
| Q1 (0) | 0.00 | 59,591 | 478 | Reference group | Reference group |
| Q2 (>0 to <77.63) | 31.16 | 14,051 | 102 | 1.08 (0.87–1.34), p = 0.468 | 1.14 (0.92–1.42), p = 0.231 |
| Q3 (≥77.63 to <261.65) | 148.11 | 14,044 | 89 | 0.85 (0.68–1.07), p = 0.164 | 0.92 (0.73–1.15), p = 0.449 |
| Q4 (≥261.65) | 500.99 | 14,035 | 107 | 0.96 (0.78–1.19), p = 0.713 | 1.05 (0.85–1.30), p = 0.664 |
| p for trend = 0.522 | p for trend = 0.866 | ||||
| Yogurt# | |||||
| Q1 (0) | 0.00 | 41,006 | 420 | Reference group | Reference group |
| Q2 (>0 to <5.42) | 1.90 | 23,586 | 140 | 0.83 (0.68–1.00), p = 0.053 | 0.94 (0.77–1.14), p = 0.515 |
| Q3 (≥5.42 to <19.04) | 6.90 | 18,860 | 127 | 0.84 (0.69–1.03), p = 0.096 | 1.00 (0.81–1.22), p = 0.968 |
| Q4 (≥19.04) | 56.61 | 18,269 | 89 | 0.78 (0.62–0.99), p = 0.038 | 0.93 (0.73–1.19), p = 0.560 |
| p for trend = 0.095 | p for trend = 0.640 | ||||
| Regular butter# | |||||
| Q1 (0) | 0.00 | 35,545 | 277 | Reference group | Reference group |
| Q2 (>0 to <0.82) | 0.25 | 22,150 | 165 | 0.95 (0.79–1.16), p = 0.625 | 0.99 (0.81–1.20), p = 0.895 |
| Q3 (≥0.82 to <3.76) | 1.88 | 21,990 | 174 | 1.02 (0.84–1.23), p = 0.833 | 1.01 (0.84–1.23), p = 0.881 |
| Q4 (≥3.76) | 7.75 | 22,036 | 160 | 0.93 (0.77–1.14), p = 0.499 | 0.88 (0.72–1.08), p = 0.213 |
| p for trend = 0.570 | p for trend = 0.191 | ||||
| Low-fat butter# | |||||
| Q1 (0) | 0.00 | 85,311 | 663 | Reference group | Reference group |
| Q2 (>0 to <0.37) | 0.13 | 5577 | 34 | 0.76 (0.54–1.08), p = 0.126 | 0.83 (0.59–1.18), p = 0.303 |
| Q3 (≥0.37 to <1.49) | 0.76 | 5377 | 42 | 0.93 (0.68–1.26), p = 0.624 | 0.98 (0.72–1.34), p = 0.893 |
| Q4 (≥1.49) | 3.31 | 5456 | 37 | 0.78 (0.56–1.08), p = 0.135 | 0.80 (0.57–1.11), p = 0.180 |
| p for trend = 0.134 | p for trend = 0.190 | ||||
| Regular cheese | |||||
| Q1 (<0.09) | 0.00 | 25,808 | 179 | Reference group | Reference group |
| Q2 (≥0.09 to <1.85) | 0.74 | 26,914 | 181 | 1.11 (0.91–1.37), p = 0.303 | 1.08 (0.88–1.33), p = 0.454 |
| Q3 (≥1.85 to <7.38) | 3.85 | 24,892 | 194 | 1.09 (0.89–1.34), p = 0.409 | 1.02 (0.83–1.25), p = 0.874 |
| Q4 (≥7.38) | 13.78 | 24,107 | 222 | 1.19 (0.98–1.45), p = 0.087 | 1.11 (0.90–1.37), p = 0.336 |
| p for trend = 0.147 | p for trend = 0.424 | ||||
| Low-fat cheese# | |||||
| Q1 (0) | 0.00 | 55,534 | 461 | Reference group | Reference group |
| Q2 (>0 to <0.89) | 0.28 | 15,589 | 125 | 1.03 (0.84–1.25), p = 0.803 | 1.12 (0.91–1.37), p = 0.291 |
| Q3 (≥0.89 to <3.07) | 1.83 | 15,354 | 87 | 0.75 (0.59–0.94), p = 0.012 | 0.78 (0.62–0.98), p = 0.036 |
| Q4 (≥3.07) | 6.08 | 15,244 | 103 | 0.84 (0.68–1.04), p = 0.113 | 0.88 (0.71–1.09), p = 0.244 |
| p for trend = 0.051 | p for trend = 0.109 | ||||
| No-fat cheese# | |||||
| Q1 (0) | 0.00 | 76,813 | 603 | Reference group | Reference group |
| Q2 (>0 to <0.47) | 0.19 | 8688 | 58 | 0.90 (0.68–1.17), p = 0.430 | 0.96 (0.73–1.27), p = 0.790 |
| Q3 (≥0.47 to <2.00) | 1.01 | 8156 | 60 | 0.88 (0.68–1.15), p = 0.348 | 0.91 (0.70–1.19), p = 0.489 |
| Q4 (≥2.00) | 4.53 | 8064 | 55 | 0.84 (0.64–1.11), p = 0.216 | 0.85 (0.64–1.12), p = 0.252 |
| p for trend = 0.194 | p for trend = 0.229 |
*
Adjusted for age (categorical), sex (male vs. female), race (White, Non-Hispanic vs. Other), body mass index at the time of enrollment (<25 kg/m2 vs. ≥25 kg/m2), education (≤ high school vs. ≥some college), smoking status (never vs. former ≤ 15 years since quit vs. former >15 years since quit vs. former year since quit unknown vs. current smoker ≤ 1 pack per day vs. current smoker >1 pack per day vs. current smoker intensity unknown), vegetable intake (continuous), fruit intake (continuous), tea intake (continuous), alcohol drinking status (never vs. former vs. current), total energy intake (continuous), randomization arm (intervention vs. control), family history of any cancer (yes vs. no), and marital status (married vs. not married).
#
Dairy products were categorized using non-consumers as the first category and tertiles of distribution for dairy products consumers.