Table 3.
Study designs.
| Study | Data for 1.2 and Figure 3B | Data for 1.2 and Figure 3A | Data for 3.1 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target | Participants | Control group | Randomization | Blinding | Follow up | Transfer | |
| Aranyi et al. (2016) | dlPFC asymmetry | 18 healthy | None | No | No | No | No |
| Barth et al. (2016) | PFC | 13 healthy | None | No | No | No | Separate task |
| Fujimoto et al. (2017) | SMA | 20 healthy | Sham (yoked feedback, within) | Yes | Single-blinded | No | No |
| Hosseini et al. (2016) | dlPFC | 20 healthy | Sham (yoked feedback) | No | Not reported | No | No |
| Hudak et al. (2017) | Bilateral dlPFC/IFG | 20 highly impulsive | EMG biofeedback | Yes | No | No | Separate tasks |
| Hudak et al. (2018)—excerpt from Mayer et al. (2015) | bilateral dlPFC/IFG | 19 adults with ADHD | None | No | No | Not reported, but protocol included FU | No |
| Kanoh et al. (2011) | Left sensorimotor cortex | 5 healthy | None | No | No | No | Separate task |
| Kimmig et al. (2018) | Bilateral dlPFC/IFG | 12 SAD | None | No | No | No | Separate task |
| Kinoshita et al. (2016) | Bilateral frontal pole cortex | 24 healthy | Sham feedback (artificially generated, within) | Yes | Single-blinded | No | Yes |
| Kober et al. (2014) | Motor cortex asymmetry | 17 healthy | Sham (yoked feedback, within) | Yes | Single-blinded | No | No |
| Kober et al. (2015) | Bilateral IFG | 20 healthy | HbO vs. HbR-group | Yes | Single-blinded | No | Separate task |
| Kober et al. (2018) | Bilateral IFG | 48 healthy/12 per group | Bidirectional control for HbO and HbR | Yes | Single-blinded | No | No |
| Lapborisuth et al. (2017) | Left motor cortex | 22 healthy | Motor imagery without feedback (within) | No | No | No | Yes |
| Lee et al. (2015) | Sensory motor cortex (S1, M1, SMA) | 4 healthy | Motor task without feedback (within) | Unclear | No | No | No |
| Li et al. (2019) | Right lateral OFC | 60 healthy | Sham (yoked feedback) | Yes | Single-blinded | No | No |
| Liu et al. (2016) | Frontal and temporal face processing regions | 2 healthy, 2 ASD | Sham feedback (artificially generated) | Yes | Not reported | No | No |
| Marx et al. (2015) | Bilateral dlPFC/IFG | 27 children ADHD/9 per group | EEG and EMG biofeedback | No | No | 2 weeks and 6 months | Separate tasks |
| Mihara et al. (2012) | Left premotor cortex | 21 healthy | Sham feedback (artificially generated, within) | Yes | Single-blinded | No | No |
| Mihara et al. (2013) | Ipsilesional premotor cortex | 20 stroke patients | Sham feedback (artificially generated) | Yes | Double-blinded | 2 weeks | No |
| Narita (2015) | Left PFC | 4 ASD | None | No | No | 1–3 months | No |
| Trambaiolli et al. (2018) | Frontal and occipital networks | 33 healthy | Sham feedback (artificially generated, within) | Conditions presented in random order | Single-blinded? Not clearly reported | No | No |
| Weyand et al. (2015) | Bilateral PFC | 10 healthy | None | No | No | 10 days | No |
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; ADHD dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; EEG, electroencephalography; EMG, electromyography; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; HbR, deoxyhemoglobin; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; HbO, oxyhemoglobin; PFC, prefrontal cortex; SAD, social anxiety disorder; SMA, supplementary motor area.