Table 6.
Neurofeedback regulation success.
| Study | Data for 1.2 and Figure 3B | Data for 1.2 and Figure 3A | Data for 4.1 | Data for 4.1 and Figure 6 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target region | Target population | Success measure and analysis | Successful regulation as compared to | ||||
| CTB | ECTL | Linear | CTC | ||||
| Aranyi et al. (2016) | dlPFC asymmetry | 18 healthy | Success rate. Successful trial = statistically significant increase in average asymmetry during NF compared to counting baseline (t-test) | Yes | NR | No | N/A |
| Barth et al. (2016) | PFC | 13 healthy | Fixed threshold. Average increase of HbO over whole training course | Yes | NR | NR | N/A |
| Fujimoto et al. (2017) | SMA | 20 healthy | Fixed threshold. Significant increase in HbO during late compared to early trials (time/condition interaction) | Yes | Yes | NR | Yes |
| Hosseini et al. (2016) | dlPFC | 20 healthy | Fixed threshold. Linear regression over trials within and over sessions. Further group analysis offline (but overlap with feedback channels unclear) | No | No | Noa | NRb |
| Hudak et al. (2017) | Bilateral dlPFC/IFG | 20 highly impulsive | Success rate. Successful trial = at least 7 s of the last 15 s regulation in the desired direction. Average of all trials from first four sessions compared to last four sessions | NR | No | No | NR |
| Hudak et al. (2018) - | Bilateral dlPFC/IFG | 19 adults with ADHD | Success rate. Successful trial = at least 7 s of the last 15 s regulation in the desired direction. Average of all trials from first half compared to last half of sessions | Yes | No | No | N/A |
| Kanoh et al. (2011) | Left sensorimotor cortex | 5 healthy | Fixed threshold. Linear regression over sessions | NR | NR | No | N/A |
| Kimmig et al. (2018) | Bilateral dlPFC/IFG | 12 SAD | Success rate. Successful trial = at least 7 s of the last 15 s regulation in the desired direction. Last three sessions compared to first three sessions. | NR | Yes | NR | N/A |
| Kinoshita et al. (2016) | Bilateral frontal pole cortex | 24 healthy | Fixed threshold. Increased HbO in feedback channels compared to rest baseline | Yes | NR | NR | No |
| Kober et al. (2014) | Motor cortex asymmetry | 17 healthy | Fixed threshold. Last three sessions vs. first three sessions | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Kober et al. (2015) | Bilateral IFG | 20 healthy | Fixed threshold. HbR increased over sessions in HbR group and HbO decreased. In HbO group HbR increased over session as well. | Yes/Noc | NR | Yes/Noc | NR |
| Kober et al. (2018) | Bilateral IFG | 48 healthy/12 per group | Fixed threshold. Not compared to baseline, motor imagery and no group comparison | NR | NR | Yes/Noc | NR |
| Lapborisuth et al. (2017) | Left motor cortex | 22 healthy | Fixed threshold. Not clearly reported. Defined ROI based on motor execution task (overlap with feedback channels not clear) and analyzed HbR instead of HbO. No comparison between conditions and no effect for HbO reported | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Lee et al. (2015) | Sensory motor cortex | 4 healthy | Fixed threshold. Increased HbO in feedback channels. No statistical comparison between feedback and no feedback condition. | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Li et al. (2019) | Right lateral OFC | 60 healthy | Fixed threshold. Significant increase in HbO over NF runs (time × group interaction). Regional specificity also confirmed by exploratory analysis of all channels | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Liu et al. (2016) | Frontal and temporal face processing regions | 2 healthy, 2 ASD | Not reported | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Marx et al. (2015) | Bilateral dlPFC/IFG | 27 children ADHD/9 per group | Not reported | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Mihara et al. (2012) | Left premotor cortex | 21 healthy | Fixed threshold. Increase in HbO compared to baseline for only one of the three feedback channels reported | Yes | NR | NR | No |
| Mihara et al. (2013) | Ipsilesional premotor cortex | 20 stroke patients | Fixed threshold. Increased activation in one of the three FB channels compared to baseline. Timeline analysis and ROI analysis. Statistical details about timeline analysis missing | Yes | Yes | NR | Yes |
| Narita (2015) | Left PFC | 4 ASD | Not reported | NR | NR | NR | N/A |
| Trambaiolli et al. (2018) | Frontal and occipital networks | 33 healthy | Success rate. Successful trial = classifier. Percentage of successful trials for all conditions | Yes | NR | NR | No |
| Weyand et al. (2015) | Bilateral PFC | 10 healthy | Success rate. Successful trial = classifier. Average classification accuracy for each session | Yes | NR | NR | N/A |
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; CTB, compared to baseline; ECTL, early compared to late, trail(s); CTC, compared to control group or within control condition; dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; HbR, deoxyhemoglobin; NF, neurofeedback; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; HbO, oxyhemoglobin; PFC, prefrontal cortex; SAD, social anxiety disorder; SMA, supplementary motor area.
a
Marginal effects were considered “no,” only significant effects were considered “yes”.
b
Effects were reported based on an offline analysis without clarifying whether significant effects overlapped with feedback channels and were therefore not considered in our analysis.