Table 2.
Temperature effects on anthocyanin accumulation (concentration, µg/g skin FW) at harvest in Experiments 1, 2, and 3.
| Compound* | Anthocyanin concentration (µg/g skin FW)‡ | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experiment 1 (118 DAA)† | Experiment 2 (135 DAA) | Experiment 3 (113 DAA) | |||||||||||||
| 20/10 | 20/15 | 25/15 | 35/25 | 35/30 | 20/10 | 20/15 | 25/15 | 25/20 | 30/20 | 20/5 | 20/15 | 30/5 | 30/15 | 30/25 | |
| Dp glc | 909 ± 56 b | 1261 ± 46 a | 552 ± 135 c | 124 ± 3 d | 117 ± 22 d | 586 ± 94 a | 365 ± 10 b | 188 ± 35 bc | 271 ± 13 bc | 88 ± 8 c | 981 ± 150 a | 1045 ± 114 a | 309 ± 11 b | 121 ± 33 b | 171 ± 13 b |
| Cy glc | 975 ± 50 a | 981 ± 194 a | 391 ± 93 b | 44 ± 5 c | 50 ± 4 c | 415 ± 76 a | 441 ± 31 a | 106 ± 23 b | 154 ± 13 b | 105 ± 15 b | 583 ± 101 a | 432 ± 33 a | 211 ± 18 b | 147 ± 40 b | 133 ± 17 b |
| Pt glc | 965 ± 86 a | 848 ± 71 a | 448 ± 36 b | 152 ± 18 c | 152 ± 17 c | 456 ± 105 a | 454 ± 38 a | 228 ± 47 b | 205 ± 16 b | 66 ± 21 c | 613 ± 86 b | 792 ± 69 a | 260 ± 10 c | 128 ± 29 c | 182 ± 34 c |
| Pe glc | 1945 ± 79 a | 2064 ± 107 a | 977 ± 47 b | 267 ± 25 c | 338 ± 40 c | 1205 ± 144 a | 1223 ± 56 a | 628 ± 50 b | 560 ± 33 b | 208 ± 52 c | 1038 ± 145 | 1251 ± 129 | 1122 ± 61 | 1232 ± 160 | 924 ± 122 |
| Mv glc | 2733 ± 80 a | 3045 ± 58 a | 1728 ± 139 b | 995 ± 92 c | 1194 ± 17 c | 2439 ± 309 a | 2482 ± 48 a | 1465 ± 171 b | 1259 ± 92 b | 831 ± 60 c | 2558 ± 45 b | 3510 ± 209 a | 1853 ± 148 c | 1304 ± 93 c | 1548 ± 186 c |
| Dp ac-glc | 328 ± 45 a | 299 ± 14 a | 236 ± 76 a | 32 ± 2 b | 20 ± 2 b | 282 ± 87 a | 208 ± 9 a | 55 ± 14 b | 36 ± 9 b | 21 ± 6 b | 211 ± 24 a | 195 ± 39 a | 55 ± 7 b | 25 ± 7 b | 43 ± 10 b |
| Cy ac-glc | 141 ± 9 a | 150 ± 30 a | 95 ± 32 a | 27 ± 3 b | 19 ± 1 b | 81 ± 25 a | 58 ± 7 ab | 25 ± 5 b | 21 ± 3 b | 16 ± 4 b | 87 ± 24 a | 78 ± 12 a | 32 ± 4 b | 30 ± 14 b | 20 ± 5 b |
| Pt ac-glc | 260 ± 41 a | 176 ± 19 b | 147 ± 24 b | 46 ± 3 c | 30 ± 4 c | 186 ± 60 a | 101 ± 6 ab | 57 ± 11 b | 37 ± 9 b | 23 ± 5 b | 165 ± 21 a | 176 ± 35 a | 67 ± 5 b | 36 ± 7 b | 53 ± 9 b |
| Pe ac-glc | 304 ± 4 a | 333 ± 24 a | 245 ± 41 a | 71 ± 13 b | 66 ± 8 b | 389 ± 48 a | 324 ± 21 a | 180 ± 9 b | 126 ± 26 b | 21 ± 3 c | 207 ± 26 b | 250 ± 45 ab | 332 ± 26 ab | 404 ± 90 a | 276 ± 30 ab |
| Mv ac-glc | 1018 ± 112 | 1044 ± 62 | 961 ± 69 | 1205 ± 119 | 1081 ± 41 | 1056 ± 129 | 1004 ± 68 | 1022 ± 65 | 965 ± 77 | 795 ± 31 | 862 ± 71 | 1097 ± 113 | 1129 ± 130 | 771 ± 50 | 1032 ± 169 |
| Dp cou-glc | 115 ± 22a | 104 ± 11 a | 87 ± 17 ab | 47 ± 10 bc | 33 ± 3 c | 276 ± 30 ab | 367 ± 33 a | 249 ± 20 b | 181 ± 16 bc | 103 ± 21 c | 82 ± 8 a | 91 ± 17 a | 35 ± 4 b | 28 ± 5 b | 32 ± 5 b |
| Cy cou-glc | 93 ± 8 ab | 120 ± 15 a | 71 ± 15 b | 15 ± 2 c | 10 ± 1 c | 47 ± 10 ab | 50 ± 7 a | 31 ± 7 ab | 38 ± 9 ab | 14 ± 4 b | 57 ± 14 a | 59 ± 13 a | 38 ± 3 b | 39 ± 11 b | 26 ± 6 b |
| Pt cou-glc | 98 ± 18 | 88 ± 7 | 58 ± 6 | 91 ± 16 | 60 ± 5 | 74 ± 13 a | 54 ± 2 ab | 43 ± 7 ab | 35 ± 9 b | 29 ± 5 b | 77 ± 5 a | 86 ± 13 a | 61 ± 6 ab | 32 ± 3 b | 45 ± 5 b |
| Pe cou-glc | 258 ± 7 a | 306 ± 25 a | 299 ± 36 a | 86 ± 13 b | 83 ± 6 b | 286 ± 72 a | 271 ± 13 a | 244 ± 37 a | 286 ± 63 a | 169 ± 18 b | 171 ± 18 c | 238 ± 40 bc | 371 ± 36 ab | 437 ± 82 a | 306 ± 53 abc |
| Mv cou-glc | 694 ± 102 b | 775 ± 76 b | 738 ± 47 b | 1080 ± 122 a | 971 ± 39 a | 746 ± 116 | 661 ± 42 | 823 ± 52 | 882 ± 77 | 652 ± 91 | 636 ± 77 d | 946 ± 30 b | 1272 ± 91 a | 715 ± 39 cd | 858 ± 88 bc |
| Total | 10837 ± 551 a | 11594 ± 576 a | 7033 ± 798 b | 4282 ± 400 c | 4223 ± 92 c | 8523 ± 1303 a | 8061 ± 323 a | 5344 ± 547 b | 5058 ± 478 b | 3143 ± 333 c | 8326 ± 442 a | 10245 ± 851 a | 7147 ± 434 b | 5447 ± 572 c | 5647 ± 565 c |
| 3′4′-sub | 34.5% a | 33.9% a | 29.4% b | 11.9% c | 13.3% c | 28.4% a | 29.3% a | 22.7% b | 23.3% b | 16.7% c | 25.4% bc | 22.4% c | 29.6% b | 41.2% a | 29.9% b |
| 3′4′5′-sub | 65.5% c | 66.1% c | 70.6% b | 88.1% a | 86.7% a | 71.6% c | 70.7% c | 77.3% b | 76.7% b | 83.3% a | 74.6% ab | 77.6% a | 70.4% b | 58.8% c | 70.1% b |
| Meth | 76.4% b | 75.0% b | 80.6% b | 93.2% a | 94.1% a | 80.5% c | 81.6% c | 88.0% a | 86.1% b | 89.1% a | 76.4% b | 81.6% b | 90.4% a | 93.2% a | 92.3% a |
| Non-meth | 23.6% a | 25.0% a | 19.4% a | 6.8% b | 5.9% b | 19.5% a | 18.4% a | 12.0% c | 13.9% b | 10.9% c | 23.6% a | 18.4% a | 9.6% b | 6.8% b | 7.7% b |
| Non-acy | 69.7% a | 70.7% a | 58.3% b | 37.1% d | 43.8% c | 60.1% a | 61.7% a | 48.7% b | 48.7% b | 41.2% c | 69.1% a | 68.8% a | 52.7% b | 53.8% b | 52.5% b |
| Ac-glc | 18.8% d | 17.3% d | 23.7% c | 32.3% a | 28.8% b | 23.2% bc | 21.0% c | 25.2% b | 23.4% bc | 28.3% a | 18.5% b | 17.3% b | 22.4% a | 23.2% a | 25.1% a |
| Cou-glc | 11.5% d | 12.0% d | 18.0% c | 30.6% a | 27.4% b | 16.7% c | 17.3% c | 26.1% b | 27.9% b | 30.5% a | 12.4% b | 13.9% b | 24.9% a | 23.0% a | 22.4% a |
* Dp, Cy, Pt, Pe, Mv refer to cyanidin, peonidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin, respectively; glc refers to 3-O-glucoside, ac-glc refers to 3-O-(6′′-acetyl)glucosides, and cou-glc refers to 3-O-(6′′-p-coumaroyl)glucosides; 3′4′-sub, 3′4′5′-sub, Meth, Non-meth, Non-acy, Ac-glc, and Cou-glc refer to the relative concentration of total 3′4′-substituted anthocyanins, 3′4′5′-substituted anthocyanins, methoxylated anthocyanins, non-methoxylated anthocyanins, 3-O-monoglucosides, 3-O-(6′‘-acetyl)glucosides, and 3-O-(6′′-p-coumaroyl)glucosides to total anthocyanins; ‡Anthocyanin peaks were integrated by UV-vis spectra at 520 nm; anthocyanin concentration were expressed as µg/g skin FW based on malvidin 3-O-glucoside equivalents. Values reported are the mean ± standard error (SE, n = 4). Different letters indicate significantly different means within each experiment according to an LSD test (p ≤ 0.05); †DAA refers to days after anthesis.