Table 3.
Temperature effects on flavonol accumulation (concentration, µg/g skin FW) at harvest in Experiment 1, 2, and 3.
| Compound* | Flavonol concentration (µg/g skin FW)‡ | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experiment 1 (118 DAA) † | Experiment 2 (135 DAA) | Experiment 3 (113 DAA) | |||||||||||||
| 20/10 | 20/15 | 25/15 | 35/25 | 35/30 | 20/10 | 20/15 | 25/15 | 25/20 | 30/20 | 20/5 | 20/15 | 30/5 | 30/15 | 30/25 | |
| M gal | 35 ± 4 a | 38 ± 10 a | 19 ± 4 b | 13 ± 2 b | 14 ± 4 b | 23 ± 4 a | 17 ± 1 ab | 9 ± 2 b | 9 ± 1 b | 17 ± 1 ab | 9 ± 2 ab | 6 ± 1 bc | 5 ± 1 c | 10 ± 1 a | 12 ± 1 a |
| M glc | 95 ± 13 b | 129 ± 12 a | 90 ± 14 b | 69 ± 10 c | 67± 4 c | 20 ± 3 a | 16 ± 1 ab | 9 ± 1 b | 12 ± 2 ab | 13 ± 2 ab | 21 ± 2 a | 21 ± 5 a | 26 ± 4 a | 17 ± 3 a | 16 ± 1 a |
| M glcU | 218 ± 14 b | 282 ± 23 a | 175 ± 19 c | 132 ± 24 d | 133 ± 16 d | 134 ± 8 a | 118 ± 6 ab | 111 ± 10 bc | 90 ± 4 c | 75 ± 5 c | 133 ± 11 a | 125 ± 3 ab | 109 ± 3 b | 112 ± 3 b | 106 ± 6 b |
| Q gal | 96 ± 12 b | 115 ± 10 a | 38 ± 5 c | 27 ± 4 c | 11 ± 3 d | 29 ± 3 a | 26 ± 3 a | 8 ± 1 b | 7 ± 2 b | 8 ± 1 b | 53 ± 4 b | 62 ± 2 a | 11 ± 1 c | 10 ± 2 c | 10 ± 1 c |
| Q glcU | 194 ± 7 b | 292 ± 63 a | 126 ± 6 c | 59 ± 5 d | 48 ± 8 d | 141 ± 8 a | 125 ± 7 a | 53 ± 11 b | 55 ± 5 b | 29 ± 2 b | 173 ± 11 a | 195 ± 15 a | 137 ± 12 b | 113 ± 5 b | 103 ± 10 b |
| Q glc | 685 ± 48 b | 879 ± 76 a | 334 ± 12 c | 139 ± 22 d | 165 ± 13 d | 216 ± 12 a | 205 ± 7 a | 125 ± 21 b | 95 ± 5 b | 97 ± 6 b | 223 ± 9 a | 248 ± 13 a | 127 ± 11 b | 113 ± 13 b | 112 ± 4 b |
| K ac-glc | 45 ± 4 b | 70 ± 2 a | 47 ± 5 b | 26 ± 1 c | 23 ± 2 c | 58 ± 3 a | 51 ± 4 a | 38 ± 5 b | 31 ± 3 b | 20 ± 3 c | 38 ± 3 a | 36 ± 3 a | 25 ± 3 b | 19 ± 2 b | 17 ± 3 b |
| K glc | 81 ± 9 b | 121 ± 11 a | 27 ± 6 c | 11 ± 2 d | 11 ± 2 d | 27 ± 2 a | 13 ± 2 b | 7 ± 2 c | 6 ± 1 c | 9 ± 2 bc | 79 ± 5 a | 79 ± 4 a | 47 ± 5 b | 27 ± 2 c | 34 ± 4 c |
| Q ram-glc | 63 ± 11 a | 74 ± 14 a | 39 ± 6 b | 14 ± 3 c | 15 ± 4 c | 37 ± 5 a | 21 ± 3 b | 13 ± 3 bc | 11 ± 2 c | 11 ± 2 c | 19 ± 1 a | 19 ± 3 a | 12 ± 2 b | 8 ± 1 bc | 6 ± 1 c |
| I glc | 34 ± 2 b | 46 ± 2 a | 23 ± 3 c | 7 ± 1 e | 14 ± 2 d | 27 ± 6 a | 22 ± 2 a | 17 ± 3 ab | 10 ± 1 b | 11 ± 2 b | 47 ± 3 b | 56 ± 3 a | 32 ± 3 c | 29 ± 2 c | 25 ± 3 c |
| S glc | 26 ± 3 b | 29 ± 4 b | 29 ± 3 b | 44 ± 3 a | 44 ± 7 a | 38 ± 5 | 34 ± 4 | 44 ± 4 | 36 ± 2 | 32 ± 1 | 38 ± 2 | 34 ± 1 | 41 ± 2 | 38 ± 3 | 41 ± 3 |
| Total | 1573 ± 44 b | 2074 ± 77 a | 946 ± 25 c | 541 ± 30 d | 545 ± 6 d | 748 ± 54 a | 646 ± 20 a | 433 ± 58 b | 363 ± 10 b | 321 ± 15 b | 835 ± 34 a | 882 ± 31 a | 571 ± 39 b | 497 ± 22 b | 482 ± 19 b |
| 4′-sub | 8.0% | 9.3% | 7.8% | 6.9% | 6.3% | 11.4% | 9.9% | 10.4% | 10.3% | 8.7% | 14.0% a | 13.1% a | 12.6% a | 9.3% b | 10.5% b |
| 3′4′-sub | 68.2% a | 67.7% a | 59.2% b | 45.6% c | 46.4% c | 60.1% a | 61.6% a | 49.0% b | 49.1% b | 48.7% b | 61.9% a | 65.7% a | 55.5% b | 54.9% b | 53.2% b |
| 3′4′5′-sub | 23.8% c | 23.0% c | 33.0% b | 47.5% a | 47.3% a | 28.5% b | 28.5% b | 40.6% a | 40.6% a | 42.6% a | 24.1% b | 21.2% b | 31.9% a | 35.8% a | 36.3% a |
| Meth | 3.8% c | 3.7% c | 5.4% b | 9.4% a | 10.6% a | 8.5% b | 8.7% b | 14.1% a | 12.8% a | 13.4% a | 10.2% b | 10.3% b | 12.8% a | 13.4% a | 13.7% a |
| Non-meth | 96.2% a | 96.3% a | 94.6% b | 90.6% c | 89.4% c | 91.5% a | 91.3% a | 85.9% b | 87.2% b | 86.6% b | 89.8% a | 89.7% a | 87.2% b | 86.6% b | 86.3% b |
* M, Q, K, I, S refer to myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and syringetin, respectively; glc refers to 3-O-glucoside, gal refers to 3-O-galactoside; glcU refers to 3-O-glucuronide, ac-glc refers to 3-O-(6′′-acetyl)glucoside, and ram-glc refers to 3-O-(6′′-rhamnosyl)glucoside; 4′-sub, 3′4′-sub, 3′4′5′-sub, Meth, and Non-meth refer to the relative concentration of 4′-substituted flavonols, 3′4′-substituted flavonols, 3′4′5′-substituted flavonols, methoxylated flavonols, and non-methoxylated flavonols to total flavonols; ‡Flavonol peaks were identified by UV-vis spectra at 353 nm; flavonol concentrations were expressed as µg/g skin FW based on quercetin 3-O-glucoside equivalents. Values reported are the mean ± standard error (SE, n = 4). Different letters indicate significantly different means within each experiment according to an LSD test (p ≤ 0.05); †DAA refers to days after anthesis.