Table 2.
Cognitive function in the HC and PD groups
| HC–WMH– | PD–WMH– | PD–WMH+ | P Value | Post Hoc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | 18 | 71 | 14 | ||
| All cognitively impaired# | 0 (0.0) | 33 (46.5) | 10 (71.4) | < 0.001a | c , d |
| Dementia# | 0 (0.0) | 7 (9.9) | 5 (35.7) | 0.005a | d , e |
| Impaired cognitive domains | |||||
| Executive impairment# | 0 (0.0) | 28 (39.4) | 10 (76.9) | <0.001a | c , d , e |
| Visuospatial impairment# | 0 (0.0) | 7 (9.9) | 4 (28.6) | 0.032a | d |
| Episodic memory impairment# | 0 (0.0) | 28 (39.4) | 9 (64.3) | <0.001a | c , d |
| Language impairment# | 0 (0.0) | 10 (14.1) | 4 (28.6) | 0.063a | d |
| Cognitive tests | |||||
| MoCA | 27.8 ± 1.7 [24–30] |
25.4 ± 4.6 [24–29] |
22.8 ± 4.4 [19–26] |
0.002b | c , d , e |
| Digit Span* |
11.3 ± 2.1 [7–16] |
11.4 ± 3.5 [9–14] |
9.1 ± 2.2 [8–10] |
0.025b | d , e |
| SDMT* |
53.9 ± 8.4 [46–80] |
46.2 ± 14.8 [41–53] |
37.6 ± 15.3 [26–49] |
0.001b | c , d , e |
| Stroop* |
45.6 ± 6.4 [34–56] |
45.1 ± 8.1 [40–50] |
39.7 ± 5.9 [35–44] |
0.046b | d , e |
| TMT‐B* |
54.6 ± 4.4 [47–62] |
45.4 ± 16.2 [40–56] |
37.0 ± 17.0 [25–56] |
0.010b | c , d |
| FAS* |
52.1 ± 9.5 [30–70] |
50.0 ± 13.9 [40–62] |
46.1 ± 12.9 [36–56] |
0.391b |
Table shows group comparisons after excluding the 1 HC–WMH+ participant, leaving a final cohort of 18 HC–WMH– participants. Digit Span is the combined score, SDMT is the oral score, and Stroop is the interference score.
All values shown as mean ± SD [range], except when designated with a pound sign (“#”) for number (percent within total group). For those designated with an asterisk (“*”), we used standardized age‐ and education‐matched normative values.
Chi‐square, across all three groups.
Kruskal‐Wallis, across all three groups.
Significant post‐hoc tests (Mann‐Whitney U for Kruskal‐Wallis tests):
HC–WMH– versus PD–WMH–.
HC–WMH– versus PD–WMH+.
PD–WMH+ versus PD–WMH–.