Table 3.
Possible Predictors of Risk of Dementia in Patients with COPD
| Total (n=65) | COPD+OSA (n=29) | COPD (n=36) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) p | OR (95% CI) p | OR (95% CI) p | |
| Age, years | 1.08 1.02–1.15 0.02 | 1.15 1.01–1.30 0.03 | 1.24 1.06–1.45 <0.01 |
| Male sex | 1.76 0.53–5.81 0.36 | 1.33 0.18–9.66 0.78 | 0.73 0.32–1.67 0.45 |
| Education | 0.45 0.26–0.79 <0.01 | 0.24 0.08–0.70 0.01 | 0.34 0.14–0.84 0.02 |
| Pack-years | 0.77 0.23–2.63 0.68 | 1.69 0.89–3.19 0.11 | 0.63 0.22–2.05 0.48 |
| Hypertension | 0.39 0.13–1.15 0.09 | 0.96 0.91–1.21 0.29 | 0.58 0.12–1.37 0.17 |
| Diabetes | 0.82 0.30–2.24 0.70 | 1.05 0.96–1.14 0.28 | 0.72 0.12–4.16 0.71 |
| IHD | 0.80 0.25–2.51 0.70 | 0.97 0.93–1.01 0.37 | 1.27 0.28–2.31 0.52 |
| Cerebral infarction | 0.39 0.11–1.37 0.14 | 0.48 0.06–3.63 0.48 | 1.02 0.98–1.06 0.29 |
| FEV1, % predicted | 1.01 0.98–1.04 0.42 | 0.98 0.94–1.02 0.30 | 1.04 0.99 −1.09 0.16 |
| Anxiety | 0.98 0.84–1.14 0.76 | 0.98 0.78–1.24 0.87 | 0.94 0.74–1.20 0.60 |
| Depression | 0.99 0.87–1.11 0.83 | 0.99 0.83–1.20 0.99 | 0.92 0.74–1.15 0.47 |
| CAT | 0.99 0.91–1.09 0.91 | 1.11 0.92–1.33 0.28 | 0.97 0.85–1.10 0.62 |
| ESS | 1.04 0.62–1.76 0.87 | 1.07 0.96–1.19 0.22 | 1.12 0.83–1.50 0.46 |
| AHI | 1.17 1.09–1.27 <0.01 | 1.18 1.03–1.34 0.02 | 1.19 0.95–1.50 0.16 |
| ODI | 1.26 1.13–1.40 <0.01 | 1.37 1.10–1.70 <0.01 | 1.23 0.97–1.50 0.09 |
| Mean SPO2, % | 1.07 0.89–1.28 0.47 | 0.94 0.68–1.29 0.70 | 1.11 0.87–1.42 0.40 |
| Lowest SPO2, % | 0.99 0.93–1.07 0.88 | 0.96 0.85–1.07 0.45 | 1.08 0.94–1.23 0.30 |
| TST90 | 0.98 0.96–1.01 0.10 | 1.01 0.95–1.07 0.79 | 0.98 0.94–1.01 0.19 |
| TST, min | 0.99 0.97–1.03 0.73 | 0.94 0.78–1.12 0.47 | 0.96 0.82–1.13 0.62 |
| Arousal index | 1.03 0.94–1.12 0.59 | 1.04 0.97–1.11 0.25 | 1.06 0.99–1.13 0.11 |
| Sleep efficiency, % | 0.97 0.81–1.12 0.71 | 1.06 0.97–1.15 0.20 | 0.98 0.93–1.02 0.32 |
| Stage N1, % TST, | 1.02 0.81–1.35 0.59 | 1.68 0.89–3.19 0.11 | 1.03 0.98–1.08 0.30 |
| Stage N2, % TST | 0.96 0.90–1.16 0.79 | 1.03 0.86–1.19 0.91 | 0.98 0.85–1.13 0.80 |
| Stage N3, % TST | 0.98 0.92–1.07 0.17 | 0.98 0.95–1.01 0.29 | 0.96 0.89–1.04 0.36 |
| Stage R, % TST | 1.03 0.81–1.19 0.51 | 0.94 0.78–1.12 0.47 | 1.06 0.95–1.18 0.38 |
| Adjusted analysis | |||
| OR (95% CI) p | OR (95% CI) p | OR (95% CI) p | |
| Age, years | 1.10 1.01–1.21 0.04 | 1.26 1.05–1.50 0.01 | 1.23 1.04–1.46 0.01 |
| Education | 0.38 0.14–0.98 0.04 | 0.26 0.08–0.89 0.03 | 0.37 0.13–0.86 0.04 |
| AHI | 1.06 0.99–1.19 0.08 | 1.07 0.94–1.26 0.27 | – |
| ODI | 1.24 1.04–1.48 0.02 | 1.38 1.02–1.87 0.04 | 1.03 0.98–1.08 0.22 |
| Hypertension | 1.06 0.92–1.13 0.31 | – | – |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD, ischemic heart disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; CAT, COPD assessment test; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; AHI, apnea hypopnea index, ODI, oxygen desaturation index; SpO2, pulse oxygen saturation; TST, total sleep time; TST90, percentage of total sleep time spent with oxyhemoglobin saturation below 90%.