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. 2020 Jul 17;25(14):3256. doi: 10.3390/molecules25143256

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The mechanism of atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP) (a) and ATRPP (b). R-X, dormant species; Mtn, transition metal in its lower oxidation state; Mtn+1, transition metal in its higher oxidation state; Y, may be another ligand or the counterion; Mtn-Y/Ligand, transition metal complex; kact, rate constant of activation; kdeact, rate constant of deactivation; kp, rate constant of propagation; kt, rate constant of termination; ATRPP initiators, alkyl halide/CuCl/Ligand in normal ATRP or AIBN/CuCl2/Ligand in reverse ATRP.