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. 2020 Jul 21;11(7):827. doi: 10.3390/genes11070827

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic representation of amniotes sex chromosome evolution. Transposable elements (TEs) mobilization and copy number amplification affected genome reorganization via non-homologous recombination and multiple fission events, resulting in the evolution of heteromorphic X and Y or Z and W chromosomes in different amniote lineages. Chromosomal locations of genes in the amniotes were obtained from comparative gene mapping (chromosome mapping via a cytogenetic technique) and whole genome sequencing as the following sources: chicken (Gallus gallus) [24], humans (Homo sapiens) and tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) [195], duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) [196], green anole (Anolis carolinensis) [52], bearded dragon lizard (Pogona vitticeps) [191], Hokou gecko (Gekko hokouensis) [197], komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) [198], snakes [20,38], marsh turtle (Siebenrockiella crassicollis), wood turtle (Glyptemys insculpta), Mexican musk turtle (Staurotypus triporcatus), giant musk turtle (Staurotypus salvinii), spiny softshell turtle (Apalone spinifera), and Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) [25,26,118,152,199].