Table 2. Absolute and Relative Vacancy Formation Energies at the Surface and the First Two Subsurface Layers of Au, Ni, Co, and Fe, Calculated at the EAM Level of Theory.

	Au	Ni	Co	Fe
Ef,s (eV)	0.44	0.57	0.61	0.47
Ef,s/Ef	0.44	0.34	0.34	0.24
Ef,s–1/Ef	0.80	1.00	1.00	1.04
Ef,s–2/Ef	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.04