Table 4.

In vivo studies of G. lucidum.

No.	Animal	Form	Dosage (mg/kg)	Antioxidant parameters	Biological activity	Pathway	References
1	CCl4-induced acute liver injury mice	GLPS	100 - 150	NOS CYP2E1 MDA, GSH	Suppressing free radical lipid peroxidation	Decreasing of the protein expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 in acute liver injury. ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein) NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor 3) Caspase-1 GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate hydrogenase	[22]
2	Croton oil applied skin edema in rats	Ethanol extract of sporocarps	500 and 1000 mg/kg		Antiperoxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic activities	Direct anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging properties of the extract	[23]
3	Photoreceptor cell lesions induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in female SD arts	Ganoderma spore lipid (GSL)	500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg	Expressions of Bax, Bcl-xl, and caspase-3	Improve A-wave amplitude (μv) decreased apoptosis levels	Regulate the expressions of Bax, Bcl-xl, and caspases-3, inhibiting MNU-induced rat, photoreceptor cell apoptosis, and protecting retinal function	[30]
4	A carotid-artery-ligation mouse model	Ganoderma triterpenoid (GT)	300 mg/kg/day	Intimal hyperplasia structural changes VCAM-1, TNF-α, and IL-6	Atheroprotective properties	Endothelin-1, von Willebrand factor, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1	[33]
5	Swimming-induced oxidative stress in skeletal muscle mice	GLPS	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg	SOD, GPX, and CAT activities as well as by the MDA levels	Attenuates exercise-induced oxidative stress in skeletal muscle	Increasing antioxidant enzyme activities and decrease the MDA levels. Protective effects against exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress	[32]
6	Rat gastric cancer model	GLPS	400-800 mg/kg for 20 weeks	SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px	Antioxidant	Induced the levels of serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels and increased the levels of serum IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 in GLP-treated rats compared to gastric cancer model rats	[37]
7	BALB/c female mice	GLPS i.p. daily	50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg	SOD and GSH-Px	Antioxidant	Improved immunity in mice. Increased thymus and spleen index; improved SOD and GSH-Px contents in the mice body	[31]
8	T2DM rats	GLPS	200, 400, and 800 mg × kg−1 for 16 weeks	NO, SOD, MDA, GSH-Px, and CAT MDA in cardiac tissue	Antioxidation in cardiac tissue of T2DM rats	Reduce MDA in cardiac tissue and improve the myocardial ultrastructure	[34]
9	Male BALB/c mice (age19-21 months) (aged mice)	Ethanolic extract of G. lucidum	50 and 250 mg/kg, once daily for 15 days	GSH Mn-SOD, GPx, and GST	Antioxidant in heart tissues	Elevated the levels of GSH as well as activities of MnSOD, GPx, and GST and decreased significantly the levels of lipid peroxidation, AOPP, and ROS. Improve the age-related decline of antioxidant status which was partly ascribed to free radical scavenging activity	[38]
10	B16 mouse melanoma	Methanol extract containing total terpenoids (GLme) and a purified methanol extract containing mainly acidic terpenoids (GLpme)	A daily i.p. injection of 100 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)	Production of oxygen radical caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death-mediated production of reactive oxygen species	Anticancer	The mechanism of antitumor activity of GLme comprised inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death mediated by upregulated p53 and inhibited Bcl-2 expression	[86]
11	With non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)	Ganoderma lucidum spores	250 mg/kg × d, for 10	Xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in the testis	Reducing free radical-induceddamage to the testicular tissue	Protect the testis of diabetic rats by reducing free radical-induced damage to the testicular tissue and enhancing the activity of SDH	[35]
12	Epididymal cells of type 2 diabetes rats	Ganoderma lucidum spores (GLS)	250 mg/kg × d, for 10 weeks	Contents of mitochondrial calcium & cytochrome C	Antipoptosis induced by DM	Protect epididymal cells and counteract their apoptosis in diabetic condition	[36]
13	Liver tissue of rats	Ganoderma lucidum peptide	27.1 μg/mL	Malondialdehyde level	Antioxidant	Substantial antioxidant activity in the rat liver tissue homogenates and mitochondrial membrane peroxidation systems	[87]
14	Lupus mice	Ganoderma tsugae	0.5 mg/kg/day	Decreased proteinuria, decreased serum levels of antidsDNA autoantibody	Prevention of autoantibody	Prevention of autoantibody formation	[88]