Table 5.

In vitro studies of G. lucidum.

No.	Form	Conc.	Chemical antioxidant tests	Biological text of in vitro	Exp. parameters	Biological activity	Pathway	References
1	GLP	0.5-3.0 mg/mL	RS FR	=	Scavenging of free radicals and reducing power	Antioxidant	NM	[89]
2	G. lucidum and Egyptian Chlorella vulgaris	CVE (63.5 μg/mL) was mixed with GLE (4.1 μg/mL)	RS FR AP Other tests	Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated white blood cells	Nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory	Downregulate NF-κB	[39]
3	Polysaccharides in G. lucidum	2 mg/mL	RS FR AP Other tests	NM	Radical scavenging reducing power	Antioxidant	NM	[90]
4	G. lucidum extract	50 mg	RS FR AP Other tests	NM	Reducing power	Antimicrobial and antioxidant	NM	[40]
5	Ganoderma lucidum G2	0.32 mg	RS FR AP Other tests	DNA protection	Radical scavenging reducing power	Antimicrobial and antioxidant	NM	[41]
6	Protein extracts	2–13 μg protein/mL	AP Other tests	DNA protection	Radical scavenging reducing power	Antioxidant, antibacterial	NM	[42]
7	Polysaccharides extraction	=	FR AP Other tests	MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and HeLa cells	Radical scavenging	Antioxidant Anticancer	NM	[43]
8	G. lucidum and G. resinaceum	0.1–1 & 0.64 ± 0.04 0–2.25 mg/mL	FR AP Other tests	In vitro cell line	Radical-scavenging chelating lipoxygenase assay	Antiproliferative & antioxidant	NM	[44]
9	Diff, organic solvent o G. lucidum	1-200 μg/mL	FR AP Other tests	NM	Radical scavenging, chelating lipid peroxidation	Antioxidant Anticholinesterase	NM	[45]
10	Both aqueous and methanolic extracts	0.2–30 mg/mL of extraction	FR AP Other tests	NM	Radical scavenging, chelating lipid peroxidation	Antioxidant	NM	[46]
11	Low-molecular-weight β-1,3-glucan	0–200 μg/mL	AP Other tests	Mouse monocyte-macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7	H2O2-induced apoptosis	Antioxidant	Attenuating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibiting sphingomyelinase (SMase) activity	[51]
12	Polysaccharides	0.16-10 mg/mL	FR AP Other tests	NM	Radical scavenging, chelating reducing power	Antioxidant	NM	[47]
13	G. lucidumwater-soluble and water-insoluble	80-1100 μg/ml	FR AP Other tests	Human uroepithelial cell (HUC-PC) cells	Radical scavenging, chelating reducing power	Antioxidant	Oxidative DNA damage. Lingzhi-induced apoptosis in bladder chemoprevention	[48]
14	Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides	0.1-0.6 mg/ml	RS	CCl-induced injury hepatocytes DNA protection	MDA, SOD, CYP3A, caspase-3, andcaspase-8	Suppressing inflammatory responses	Reduction of NF-κB activation inhibition of caspase-3, caspase-6, and caspase-9, indicating and suppression extrinsic-induced apoptosis	[52]
15	Ganoderic acid A	10-80 lM/mL	NM	Pancreatic cells	Radical scavenging Antiproliferative	Antioxidant Anticancer	β-Catenin in Wnt signaling pathway	[54]
16	Aqueous extract of G. lucidum	5-20 μL	NM	DNA protection	Radical scavenging	Antioxidant DNA repair	Enhancing reactivity of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucleases (APE1) a major enzyme of base excision repair (BER)	[91]
17	Methanolic extract of G. lucidum	65 & 130 μg/mL	NM	Human gastric tumor cells	Increased the formation of autophagosomes	Induces autophagy	Increasing of the cellular levels of LC3-II and decreasing p62 (autophagy-related protein)	[92]
18	G. lucidum (GLPS) and G. sinense (GSPS)	19–300 μg/mL	NM	RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells	Nitric oxide secretion of cytokines	Immunomodulatory	Promoting macrophage phagocytosis, increasing their release of nitric oxide and cytokines interleukin- (IL-) 1a, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α	[56]
19	Proteopolysaccharide from G. lucidum	2 - 10 μg/mL	NM	RAW264.7, a mouse macrophage cell line	Nitrite production Expression levels of cytokines	Activation the immune system by modulating cytokine production.	NM	[57]

NM = not mention; RS = radical scavenging; FR = ferric reducing; AP = antilipid peroxidation.