Table 1.
Participants' characteristics.
| Characteristic |
Urban |
Rural |
P value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| n/N¶(%)# | n/N¶(%)# | ||
| Male sex | 161/350 (46.0) | 500/966 (49.3) | 0.293 |
| Age | |||
| 1–4 | 116/350 (33.1) | 404/966 (40.5) | |
| 5–8 | 87/350 (24.9) | 299/966 (29.0) | |
| 9–12 | 64/350 (18.3) | 159/966 (17.2) | |
| 13–17 | 83/350 (23.7) | 104/966 (13.4) | 0.026 |
| Place of birth | |||
| City | 17/345 (4.9) | 11/963 (1.5) | |
| Town | 302/345 (87.5) | 56/963 (5.6) | |
| Village | 26/345 (7.5) | 896/963 (92.9) | <0.001 |
| Occupation | |||
| Student or child | 329/345 (95.4) | 937/963 (97.1) | |
| Unemployed or house wife | 3/345 (0.9) | 7/963 (0.9) | |
| Agricultural, fishing or lake related | 2/345 (0.6) | 13/963 (1.0) | |
| Professional or service providers (Shops, saloons, bars, restaurants, entertainment) | 11/345 (3.2) | 6/963 (0.9) | 0.042 |
| Ever received immunisation | |||
| Any | 338/346 (97.7) | 619/662 (93.3) | 0.047 |
| Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) | 315/336 (93.8) | 586/619 (92.6) | 0.757 |
| Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus (DPT) | 313/336 (93.2) | 571/619 (90.1) | 0.420 |
| Source of information about immunisation | |||
| Health card | 95/346 (27.5) | 217/623 (32.5) | |
| Self/parent/guardian reported | 242/346 (69.9) | 401/623 (66.0) | |
| No information | 9/346 (2.6) | 5/623 (1.6) | 0.509 |
| Presence of BCG scar | 263/350 (75.1) | 645/955 (66.3) | 0.008 |
| Helminth infections | |||
| S. mansoni (KK) | 27/282 (9.6) | 285/834 (35.4) | <0.001 |
| S. mansoni intensity (KK) | |||
| Uninfected | 255/282 (90.4) | 549/834 (64.7) | |
| Light | 13/282 (4.6) | 140/834 (17.1) | |
| Moderate | 11/282 (3.9) | 80/834 (10.2) | |
| Heavy | 3/282 (1.1) | 65/834 (8.1) | <0.001 |
| S. mansoni (PCR) | 46/277 (16.6) | 417/830 (51.9) | <0.001 |
| Any nematode¥ | 18/276 (8.0) | 179/830 (23.3) | <0.001 |
| A. lumbricoides (KK) | 0/282 (0.0) | 8/834 (0.7) | 0.349 |
| N. americanus (KK and/or PCR) | 9/276 (3.3) | 62/830 (7.2) | 0.031 |
| T. trichiura (KK) | 7/282 (2.5) | 112/834 (11.9) | 0.003 |
| S. stercoralis (PCR) | 3/277 (1.1) | 20/830 (2.2) | 0.289 |
| Any anthelminthic treatment in last year | 263/346 (76.0) | 800/961 (81.4) | 0.026 |
| P. falciparum positivity (blood smear) | 0/334 (0.0) | 64/960 (7.2) | <0.001 |
| Malaria treatment in the last year | 147/344 (42.7) | 710/963 (72.9) | <0.001 |
| HIV infection | 3/337 (0.9) | 12/513 (2.8) | 0.019 |
KK: Kato-Katz; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; ¶denominators for each characteristic represent the number of participants that responded to the respective questions or for whom a sample was available for laboratory analysis; *P values obtained from Pearson chi square test, values in bold are significant at 0.05; ¥infection with any of A. lumbricoides, N. americanus, T. trichiura, or S. stercoralis; #Percentages adjusted for survey design.