Table 2.
Purified protein derivative- and tetanus toxoid-specific responses: urban-rural comparisons.
| Vaccine antigen | Cytokine / Antibody | Geometric meanβ | Unadjusted |
Adjusted for age, sex, BCG scar and place of birth |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GMR (95% CI)# | P value§ | GMR (95% CI)# | P value§ | ||||
| Urban* | Rural | ||||||
| PPD | IFN-γ | 831.3 | 164.0 | 0.20 (0.13, 0.30) | <0.001 | 0.22 (0.14, 0.35) | <0.001 |
| IL-5 | 13.8 | 14.2 | 1.02 (0.67, 1.57) | 0.917 | 1.04 (0.43, 2.52) | 0.932 | |
| IL-13 | 34.9 | 8.4 | 0.24 (0.17, 0.35) | <0.001 | 0.22 (0.12, 0.40) | <0.001 | |
| IL-10 | 37.8 | 28.1 | 0.74 (0.52, 1.06) | 0.098 | 0.55 (0.27, 1.10) | 0.086 | |
| IgG | 19,700.9 | 22,549.0 | 1.15 (1.01, 1.30) | 0.033 | 1.07 (0.94, 1.21) | 0.295 | |
| IgE | 92.7 | 115.2 | 1.24 (0.09, 1.72) | 0.182 | 1.56 (1.07, 2.29) | 0.022 | |
| IgG4 | 92.0 | 94.7 | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) | 0.026 | 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) | 0.501 | |
| TT | IFN-γ | 14.6 | 7.3 | 0.50 (0.24, 1.08) | 0.077 | 0.69 (0.27, 1.78) | 0.435 |
| IL-5 | 5.5 | 3.7 | 0.66 (0.36, 1.23) | 0.185 | 0.64 (0.34, 1.19) | 0.152 | |
| IL-13 | 11.2 | 3.0 | 0.27 (0.13, 0.52) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.19, 0.68) | 0.003 | |
| IL-10 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 1.07 (0.78, 1.47) | 0.652 | 0.96 (0.63, 1.48) | 0.859 | |
| IgG | 51,760.4 | 47,418.3 | 0.92 (0.84, 0.99) | 0.041 | 0.83 (0.74, 0.93) | 0.002 | |
| IgE | 504.7 | 679.0 | 1.35 (1.01, 1.79) | 0.042 | 1.12 (0.53, 2.39) | 0.758 | |
| IgG4 | 14,006.7 | 12,289.7 | 0.88 (0.76, 1.02) | 0.080 | 0.82 (0.64, 1.05) | 0.109 | |
*reference category is urban setting; βCytokine concentrations in pg/ml, antibody concentrations in ng/ml; #Geometric mean ratios (GMR) and 95% CI adjusted for survey design; §P values in bold are significant at 0.05; PPD: purified protein derivative; TT: tetanus toxoid; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.