Table 3.
Association between current S. mansoni infection status and PPD- and tetanus toxoid-specific responses in the rural and urban setting.
| Vaccine antigen | Cytokine / Antibody | Geometric meanβ | Unadjusted |
Adjusted for age, sex, BCG scar and place of birth |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GMR (95% CI)# | P value§ | GMR (95% CI)# | P value§ | ||||
| A: Rural survey | |||||||
| Sm-* | Sm+ | ||||||
| PPD | IFN-γ | 180.9 | 143.1 | 0.79 (0.57, 1.07) | 0.123 | 0.70 (0.50, 0.99) | 0.043 |
| IL-5 | 16.7 | 13.2 | 0.79 (0.48, 1.31) | 0.350 | 0.72 (0.42, 1.25) | 0.232 | |
| IL-13 | 10.0 | 7.6 | 0.76 (0.51, 1.12) | 0.161 | 0.75 (0.48, 1.19) | 0.211 | |
| IL-10 | 28.7 | 26.8 | 0.93 (0.61, 1.44) | 0.752 | 0.98 (0.65, 1.47) | 0.901 | |
| IgG | 20,696.3 | 24,511.4 | 1.18 (1.08, 1.30) | 0.001 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 0.315 | |
| IgE | 97.8 | 128.8 | 1.32 (0.89, 1.96) | 0.166 | 1.40 (0.90, 2.18) | 0.131 | |
| IgG4 | 92.8 | 95.1 | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 0.197 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) | 0.286 | |
| TT | IFN-γ | 7.2 | 6.6 | 0.92 (0.47, 1.79) | 0.804 | 0.94 (0.51, 1.71) | 0.821 |
| IL-5 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 0.76 (0.49, 1.20) | 0.238 | 0.83 (0.49, 1.40) | 0.472 | |
| IL-13 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 0.80 (0.54, 1.17) | 0.241 | 0.86 (0.57, 1.30) | 0.465 | |
| IL-10 | 5.9 | 5.1 | 0.86 (0.61, 1.22) | 0.407 | 0.98 (0.67, 1.43) | 0.916 | |
| IgG | 49,742.5 | 44,871.3 | 0.90 (0.82, 0.99) | 0.036 | 0.95 (0.86, 1.04) | 0.272 | |
| IgE | 702.1 | 637.5 | 0.91 (0.58, 1.42) | 0.662 | 0.96 (0.60, 1.55) | 0.873 | |
| IgG4 | 11,763.9 | 12,533.5 | 1.07 (0.91, 1.25) | 0.431 | 1.17 (0.97, 1.41) | 0.095 | |
| B: Urban survey | |||||||
| PPD | IFN-γ | 787.0 | 915.8 | 1.16 (0.78, 1.73) | 0.430 | 1.02 (0.72, 1.43) | 0.916 |
| IL-5 | 13.4 | 14.4 | 1.08 (0.44, 2.64) | 0.861 | 1.21 (0.63, 2.34) | 0.545 | |
| IL-13 | 31.0 | 49.5 | 1.60 (0.94, 2.71) | 0.080 | 1.75 (1.19, 2.56) | 0.007 | |
| IL-10 | 38.6 | 38.3 | 0.99 (0.62, 1.59) | 0.977 | 0.88 (0.55, 1.41) | 0.574 | |
| IgG | 18,794.9 | 24,511.1 | 1.30 (1.14, 1.49) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.00, 1.31) | 0.054 | |
| IgE | 93.7 | 107.3 | 1.15 (0.66, 2.00) | 0.615 | 1.20 (0.70, 2.06) | 0.497 | |
| IgG4 | 91.3 | 101.3 | 1.11 (0.99, 1.24) | 0.065 | 1.12 (1.00, 1.26) | 0.046 | |
| TT | IFN-γ | 15.9 | 4.6 | 0.29 (0.11, 0.76) | 0.015 | 0.35 (0.13, 0.91) | 0.033 |
| IL-5 | 5.5 | 2.7 | 0.49 (0.23, 1.06) | 0.068 | 0.79 (0.37, 1.69) | 0.519 | |
| IL-13 | 11.9 | 4.0 | 0.33 (0.16, 0.71) | 0.007 | 0.53 (0.24, 1.20) | 0.117 | |
| IL-10 | 5.4 | 4.6 | 0.85 (0.55, 1.32) | 0.451 | 0.98 (0.62, 1.53) | 0.907 | |
| IgG | 51,109.5 | 41,861.6 | 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) | 0.011 | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) | 0.257 | |
| IgE | 493.3 | 353.4 | 0.72 (0.20, 2.52) | 0.586 | 0.73 (0.23, 2.26) | 0.560 | |
| IgG4 | 13,176.7 | 12,644.4 | 0.96 (0.67, 1.38) | 0.814 | 1.13 (0.84, 1.52) | 0.399 | |
Sm+: positive Kato-Katz and/or PCR test for diagnosis of current infection with Schistosoma mansoni;Sm-: negative Kato-Katz and PCR test for diagnosis of current infection with Schistosoma mansoni; *reference category is Schistosoma mansoni uninfected group; βCytokine concentrations in pg/ml, antibody concentrations in ng/ml; #Geometric mean ratios (GMR) and 95% CI adjusted for survey design; §P values in bold are significant at 0.05; PPD: purified protein derivative; TT: tetanus toxoid; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.