Table 5.
Do helminths underpin urban-rural differences in PPD- and tetanus toxoid-specific immune responses?
| Adjusted for age, sex, BCG scar and place of birth | Adjusted for age, sex, BCG scar, place of birth and S. mansoni infection | Adjusted for age, sex, BCG scar, place of birth and any nematode infection¶ |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vaccine antigen | Cytokine / Antibody | Geometric meanβ | GMR (95% CI)# | P value§ | GMR (95% CI)# | P value§ | GMR (95% CI)# | P value§ | ||||
| Urban* | Rural | |||||||||||
| PPD | IFN-γ | 831.3 | 164.0 | 0.22 (0.14, 0.35) | <0.001 | 0.24 (0.14, 0.41) | <0.001 | 0.22 (0.13, 0.37) | <0.001 | |||
| IL-5 | 13.8 | 14.2 | 1.04 (0.43, 2.52) | 0.932 | 1.26 (0.59, 2.68) | 0.542 | 1.16 (0.50, 2.70) | 0.727 | ||||
| IL-13 | 34.9 | 8.4 | 0.22 (0.12, 0.40) | <0.001 | 0.24 (0.13, 0.43) | <0.001 | 0.23 (0.12, 0.42) | <0.001 | ||||
| IL-10 | 37.8 | 28.1 | 0.55 (0.27, 1.10) | 0.086 | 0.54 (0.26, 1.13) | 0.099 | 0.54 (0.24, 1.22) | 0.135 | ||||
| IgG | 19,700.9 | 22,549.0 | 1.07 (0.94, 1.21) | 0.295 | 1.05 (0.911, 1.20) | 0.523 | 1.05 (0.91, 1.21) | 0.470 | ||||
| IgE | 92.7 | 115.2 | 1.56 (1.07, 2.29) | 0.022 | 1.24 (0.81, 1.88) | 0.320 | 1.37 (0.89, 2.11) | 0.147 | ||||
| IgG4 | 92.0 | 94.7 | 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) | 0.501 | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) | 0.673 | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) | 0.836 | ||||
| TT | IFN-γ | 14.6 | 7.3 | 0.69 (0.27, 1.78) | 0.435 | 0.84 (0.34, 2.06) | 0.694 | 0.79 (0.31, 1.99) | 0.608 | |||
| IL-5 | 5.5 | 3.7 | 0.64 (0.34, 1.19) | 0.152 | 0.87 (0.49, 1.56) | 0.641 | 0.85 (0.49, 1.46) | 0.539 | ||||
| IL-13 | 11.2 | 3.0 | 0.36 (0.19, 0.68) | 0.003 | 0.48 (0.26, 0.90) | 0.023 | 0.46 (0.24, 0.87) | 0.018 | ||||
| IL-10 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 0.96 (0.63, 1.48) | 0.859 | 0.96 (0.56, 1.66) | 0.881 | 0.97 (0.59, 1.61) | 0.918 | ||||
| IgG | 51,760.4 | 47,418.3 | 0.83 (0.74, 0.93) | 0.002 | 0.86 (0.75, 0.98) | 0.024 | 0.85 (0.74, 0.96) | 0.013 | ||||
| IgE | 504.7 | 679.0 | 1.12 (0.53, 2.39) | 0.758 | 1.15 (0.49, 2.72) | 0.740 | 1.10 (0.44, 2.74) | 0.827 | ||||
| IgG4 | 14,006.7 | 12,289.7 | 0.82 (0.64, 1.05) | 0.109 | 0.82 (0.62, 1.08) | 0.148 | 0.86 (0.66, 1.11) | 0.239 | ||||
*reference category is urban setting; βCytokine concentrations in pg/ml, antibody concentrations in ng/ml; #Geometric mean ratios (GMR) and 95% CI adjusted for survey design; ¶Infection with any of A. lumbricoides, N. americanus, T. trichiura, or S. stercoralis; §P values in bold are significant at 0.05; PPD: purified protein derivative; TT: tetanus toxoid; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.