Table 2.
Blood Pressure and Vascular Evaluations in Extremely Preterm Participants and Full-Term Control Subjects at 19 Years of Age
| All EP (n = 127) [Mean ± SD (Range)] | Control Subjects (n = 64) [Mean ± SD (Range)] | EP with BPD (n = 91) [Mean ± SD (Range)] | EP with No BPD (n = 36) [Mean ± SD (Range)] | EP – C: Unadjusted [Difference in Means (95% CI)] | EP – C: Adjusted* [Difference in Means (95% CI)] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seated brachial BP | ||||||
| SBP, mm Hg | 119.5 ± 10.1 (93.7 to 149.0) | 117.9 ± 9.8 (99.3 to 152.3) | 119.3 ± 10.1 (93.7 to 140.7) | 120.0 ± 10.4 (99.0 to 149.0) | 1.6 (−1.4 to 4.6) | 0.7 (−1.9 to 3.4) |
| DBP, mm Hg | 73.2 ± 7.9 (54.7 to 97.7) | 71.6 ± 6.0 (58.0 to 93.7) | 73.7 ± 8.3 (54.7 to 97.7) | 72.1 ± 6.6 (54.7 to 90.7) | 1.6 (−0.6 to 3.8) | 1.6 (−0.6 to 3.8) |
| Supine brachial BP | ||||||
| SBP, mm Hg | 119.1 ± 10.0 (94.3 to 148.3) | 116.1 ± 10.0 (95.7 to 149.0) | 119.4 ± 10.3 (94.3 to 142.3) | 118.4 ± 9.4 (102.3 to 148.3) | 3.0 (0.0 to 6.1)† | 2.0 (−0.5 to 4.5) |
| DBP, mm Hg | 69.4 ± 7.4 (52.0 to 93.3) | 65.9 ± 5.8 (54.0 to 84.0) | 69.9 ± 7.6 (55.0 to 90.3) | 68.2 ± 7.0 (52.0 to 93.3) | 3.5 (1.4 to 5.6)‡ | 3.5 (1.4 to 5.6)‡ |
| Pulse pressure, mm Hg | 49.7 ± 8.9 (29.3 to 78.7) | 50.2 ± 9.3 (36.0 to 80.0) | 49.6 ± 8.9 (29.3 to 78.7) | 50.2 ± 9.0 (32.3 to 72.3) | −0.4 (−3.2 to 2.3) | −1.5 (−3.6 to 0.6) |
| Central BP | ||||||
| SBP§, mm Hg | 101.2 ± 8.0 (81.0 to 125.3) | 96.7 ± 7.8 (78.0 to 126.3) | 101.8 ± 8.4 (81.0 to 120.7) | 99.8 ± 6.8 (87.7 to 125.3) | 4.5 (2.1 to 6.9)‖ | 3.9 (1.7 to 6.1)‖ |
| Nonaugmented SBP§, mm Hg | 99.0 ± 8.0 (79.3 to 124.0) | 96.5 ± 7.5 (79.7 to 122.0) | 99.5 ± 8.2 (79.3 to 120.7) | 97.9 ± 7.4 (85.0 to 124.0) | 2.5 (0.2 to 4.9)† | 1.9 (−0.2 to 4.0) |
| Pulse pressure§, mm Hg | 30.6 ± 6.3 (15.0 to 53.3) | 29.7 ± 5.9 (21.0 to 50.0) | 30.6 ± 6.4 (15.0 to 53.3) | 30.7 ± 6.3 (17.0 to 49.3) | 0.9 (−1.0 to 2.7) | 0.2 (−1.3 to 1.7) |
| Mean arterial BP§, mm Hg | 84.9 ± 7.5 (69.3 to 109.3) | 80.8 ± 6.5 (66.0 to 105.3) | 85.4 ± 7.8 (69.3 to 107.0) | 83.5 ± 6.6 (70.0 to 109.3) | 4.1 (1.9 to 6.2)‖ | 3.9 (1.7 to 6.1)‖ |
| Heart rate§, bpm | 71.2 ± 12.0 (44.3 to 102.0) | 66.8 ± 8.7 (47.7 to 92.3) | 72.1 ± 12.3 (49.2 to 102.0) | 68.9 ± 11.0 (44.3 to 89.8) | 4.4 (1.1 to 7.7)§ | 4.9 (1.7 to 8.1)‡ |
| Hemodynamic measures | ||||||
| Aortic augmentation pressure§, mm Hg | 2.2 ± 3.1 (−5.0 to 11.0) | 0.2 ± 2.5 (−4.7 to 5.0) | 2.3 ± 3.1 (−3.3 to 11.0) | 1.9 ± 2.9 (−5.0 to 9.7) | 2.0 (1.1 to 2.9)‖ | 2.0 (1.2 to 2.8)‖ |
| Aortic augmentation index§, % | 6.6 ± 9.0 (−14.0 to 28.7) | 0.4 ± 8.2 (−14.0 to 20.3) | 6.9 ± 9.3 (−11.3 to 28.7) | 6.0 ± 8.2 (−14.0 to 24.7) | 6.2 (3.5 to 8.8)‖ | 6.0 (3.5 to 8.5)‖ |
| Aortic pulse wave velocity§, m/s | 5.1 ± 0.7 (3.1 to 7.6) | 4.9 ± 0.5 (4.1 to 6.8) | 5.2 ± 0.6 (3.8 to 6.5) | 4.9 ± 0.7 (3.1 to 7.6) | 0.2 (−0.0 to 0.3) | −0.0 (−0.2 to 0.1) |
| , L/min | 7.3 ± 1.7 (3.4 to 19.2) | 7.7 ± 1.6 (3.7 to 11.1) | 7.5 ± 1.8 (3.4 to 19.2) | 6.9 ± 1.3 (3.9 to 9.5) | −0.4 (−0.9 to 0.1) | −0.5 (−1.0 to −0.0)† |
| Cardiac index§, L/min/m2 | 4.4 ± 0.9 (2.2 to 12.0) | 4.3 ± 0.7 (2.4 to 5.3) | 4.4 ± 1.0 (2.5 to 12.0) | 4.2 ± 0.7 (2.2 to 5.4) | 0.0 (−0.2 to 0.3) | 0.0 (−0.2 to 0.3) |
| Stroke volume, ml | 99.9 ± 23.1 (46.5 to 173.4) | 113.6 ± 25.8 (52.0 to 170.6) | 100.4 ± 23.8 (53.6 to 173.4) | 98.8 ± 21.4 (46.5 to 146.9) | −13.7 (−20.9 to −6.4)‖ | −15.3 (−22.1 to −8.6)‖ |
| Stroke volume index§, ml/m2 | 59.4 ± 10.4 (32.6 to 85.1) | 63.4 ± 11.4 (341.6 to 858.6) | 59.2 ± 10.5 (37.6 to 85.1) | 59.8 ± 10.5 (32.6 to 78.4) | −4.0 (−7.3 to −0.7)† | −4.3 (−7.6 to −1.1)‡ |
| Total peripheral resistance§, dyne/s/cm−5 | 972.0 ± 234.4 (339.9 to 2,153.8) | 875.5 ± 222.7 (518.1 to 1,773.0) | 956.2 ± 224.9 (339.9 to 2,153.8) | 1,011.3 ± 255.7 (679.4 to 1,786.7) | 96.4 (26.6 to 166.2)‡ | 100.6 (30.8 to 170.5)‡ |
Definition of abbreviations: BP = blood pressure; BPD = neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia; bpm = beats per minute; C = control subjects; CI = confidence interval; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; EP = extremely preterm; SBP = systolic blood pressure.
*
Adjusted BP parameters, , cardiac index, stroke volume, stroke volume index, and total peripheral resistance for sex; adjusted aortic augmentation pressure and aortic augmentation index for sex, heart rate, height, and mean arterial pressure; and adjusted aortic pulse wave velocity for sex and mean arterial pressure.
†
P < 0.05.
‡
P < 0.01.
§
EP with BPD: n = 90; EP: n = 126.
‖
P < 0.001.