Table 1.
Summary of zoonotic bacterial diseases of camels reported in Iran; 1890–2018
| A. Bacterial diseases | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disease | Year | Location | Techniques | No. positive/ No. tested (%) | Ref |
| Leptospirosis | 1959 | Various area of Iran | – | 1/5 (20%) | (Rafyi & Maghami, 1959) |
| 1996 | South Khorasan (Tabas) | Serological test | 1/14 (7%) | (Hadian, 1996) | |
| 2008–2011 | Yazd | Microscopic agglutination test | 22/8% No Numeral data | (Sazmand, 2012) | |
| 2010–2011 | Various area of Iran | Bacterial culture, multiplex PCR | 7/35 (20%), 8/35 (22.85%) | (Safarpoor Dehkordi et al., 2012; Safarpoor Dehkordi & Taghizadeh 2012) | |
| 2012 | Isfahan | PCR | 19/130 (14.61%) | (Doosti et al., 2012) | |
| 2012 | Isfahan | Bacterial culture, Multiplex PCR | 7/49 (14.29%), 8/49 (6.33%) | (Dehkordi et al., 2012; Dehkordi and Taghizadeh 2012) | |
| 2013 | Yazd | Microscopic agglutination test | 30/128 (32.4%) | (Hajikolaei et al., 2013) | |
| 2013 | Qom | Microscopic agglutination test | 51/183 (27.87%) | (Talebi, 2007) | |
| 2014 | Ardabil | Microscopic agglutination test | 12/60 (20%) | (Afkhamnia, Avagyan, Khaki, Bidhendi, & Mostafaey, 2014) | |
| Q fever | 1959 | – | ELISA | 2/12 (16.66%) | (Moghaddas, 2012 2012) |
| 2011 | Isfahan | PCR | 14/130 (10.76%) | (Doosti et al., 2014) | |
| 2015 | North, South and Razavi Khorasan | ELISA | 48/168 (28.7%) | (Janati Pirouz et al., 2015) | |
| 2016 | Khorasan ( North, South, Razavi) | PCR | 4/167 (2.4%) | (Pirouz, Mohammadi, Mehrzad, & Aziz zadeh, 2016) | |
| Brucellosis | 1987 | Fars | Tube agglutination, RBPT | 2/238 (0.84%) | (Motamedi, 1987) |
| 1986–1987 | Qazvin | RBPT, SAT, 2ME, CFT | 77/935 (8%) | (Zowghi & Ebadi, 1991) | |
| 1994 | Isfahan (Najaf Abad) | RBPT | 5/100 (0.05%) | (Miranzade, 1994) | |
| 1999 | Bushehr | RBPT, SAT, 2ME, CFT | 5/258 (1.93%) | (Khadjeh, Zowghi, & Zarif‐fard, 1999) | |
| 2005 | Isfahan (Najaf Abad) | RBPT, Wright, 2ME | 11/384 (2.84%) | (Pourjafar et al. 2005) | |
| 2007 | Hormozgan | RBPT | 3/103 (2.91%) | (Garib, 2011) | |
| 2011 | Sistan and Baluchestan | RBPT, SAT, 2ME | 17/500 (3.4%) | (Sargaz, 2011) | |
| 2008–2011 | Yazd | RBPT | 149/395 (37.83%) | (Sazmand, Rasooli, et al., 2012) | |
| 2012 | Isfahan (Najaf Abad) | (RBPT, mRB, Wright, 2ME), PCR, Culture | 39/310 (12.58%) mRB; 27/310 (8.71%) RBPT; 7/310 (2.26%) Wright; 6/310 (1.94%) 2ME; 18.6/310 (6%) PCR | (Ghorbani et al., 2013) | |
|
2012 |
Isfahan | Multiplex PCR, Culture | 4/35 (11.42%) aborted fetus | (Dehkordi et al., 2012; Dehkordi and Taghizadeh 2012) | |
| 2012 | Various part of Iran | Conventional PCR, real‐time PCR assays | 201/618 (32.52%) C‐PCR, 143/201 (71%), RT‐PCR | (Dehkordi et al., 2012; Dehkordi and Taghizadeh 2012) | |
| 2014 | Isfahan | PCR, blood sample, lymph node | 14/123 (11.38%) blood sample; 16/123 (13.01%) lymph node samples | (Khamesipour, Doosti, Mobarakeh, & Komba, 2014; Khamesipour, Rahimi, Shakerian, Doosti, & Momtaz, 2014) | |
| 2015 | Isfahan (Najaf Abad) | RBPT, Tube agglutination, 2ME, PCR | 18/150 (12%) RBPT; 12/150 (8%) TG, 9/150 (6%) 2ME; 3/150 (1.3%) PCR | (Mahzunieh & Salami, 2015) | |
| Campylobacteriosis | 2006–2006 | Fars, Bushehr | Culture PreT‐KB method | 3/145 (2%) | (Baserisalehi et al., 2007) |
| 2007–2008 | Isfahan (Najaf‐Abad) | Bacteriological examination | 5/94 (2%) | (Rahimi, Momtaz, & Nozarpour, 2010) | |
| 2008–2009 | Isfahan, Yazd | Microbiological analysis | 1/107 (0.9%) | (Rahimi, Momtaz, et al., 2010) | |
| 2010 | Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, Khuzestan | PCR | 3/130 (2.3%) | (Rahimi et al., 2013) | |
| Plague | 1960 | Iran | – | – | (McGrane & Higgins, 1985) |
| 1974 | Iran | – | – | (Fedorov, 1960) | |
| Tuberculosis | – | Khorasan Razavi | PCR | 4/100 (4%) | (Hashemi et al., 2002) |
| 2009–2010 | Khorasan Razavi (Mashhad) | PCR | 17/102 (16.66%) | (Soleymani Babadi et al., 2012) | |
| Pasteurellosis | 2010 | Fars (Larestan) | Morphological, cultural, biomedical characterization | 53/100 (53%) | (Esmaeili et al., 2010) |
| 2014 | Iran | DNA extraction, PCR assay | 104/971 (10.7%) | (Chitgar et al., 2014) | |
| 2014–2015 | Fars (Larestan) | Morphological, cultural, biomedical characterization | 4/5 (80%) dead camels, 31/48 (64.58%) clinical camels, 8/109 (7.34%) healthy camels | (Tahamtan et al., 2017) | |
| Salmonellosis | 1992 | North East of Iran | Bacteriological examination Serological test | 14/113 (12.39%), 38/102 (37.25) | (Moghaddas, 2012 2012) |
| 1994 | Isfahan (Najaf Abad) | Agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGIT) | 1/59 (1.69%) | (Miranzade, 1994) | |
| 2007–2008 | Isfahan (Najaf Abad) | Bacteriological examination | Case report | (Rahimi et al., 2012) | |
| 2010 | Isfahan (Najaf Abad) | Agar gel immunodiffusion test | 3/384 (0.78%) | (Pourjafar, Mahzounieh, Zahraei Salehi, & Habibollahi Khorasgani, 2010) | |
| 2010 | Tehran | Microbiology test, Histopathology, Gross Pathology, Clinical Pathology | 1/94 (1.1%) | (Nour‐Mohammadzadeh et al., 2010) | |
| 2010–2011 | West Azerbaijan (Urmia region) | Bacteriological examination, PCR | 4/100 (4%) | (Ahmadi, 2012) | |
| 2011–2012 | Fars and Khuzestan | Bacteriological examination, PCR | 1/50 (2.0%) | (Rahimi et al., 2012) | |
| 2012 | Razavi Khorasan | Microbiology | 10% | (Gholami et al., 2014) | |
| 2012 | Various parts of Iran | Microbiology | 84/196 (43%) | (Sepehr, 2012) | |
| 2013 | Kerman | PCR | 8% | (Zavarshani, Kownani, Estabraghi, & Yarahmadi, 2015) | |
| 2015 | Golestan | Quantitative agglutination test | 9/9 (100%) | (Rabbani Khorasani, Eatemadifar, Azadbakht, Emami, & Khormali, 2015) | |
| 2016 | Razavi Khorasan (Mashhad) | Microbiology | 2/10 (20%) | (Mohammady & Najafi Mosleh, 2017) | |
| Listeriosis | 2007–2008 | Isfahan Najaf Abad | Bacteriological test | 9/94 (9.6%) | (Rahimi, Momtaz, et al., 2010) |
| 2011 | Sistan and Baluchestan (Sistan) | Bacteriological examination | 3/80 (3.75%) | (Safdari & Jahantigh, 2014) | |
| 2011 | Various parts of Iran | Culture, PCR, Technique Real‐Time PCR, | 6/101 (5.94%) Milk; 3/100 (3%) Faeces; 10/79 (13.92%) Vaginal Swab; 8/95 (9.47%) Urine | (Dehkordi, Barati, Momtaz, Ahari, & Dehkordi, 2013; Dehkordi, Haghighi Borujeni, Rahimi, & Abdizadeh, 2013) | |
| 2011–2012 | Tehran | Microbiological tests | 6/24 (25%) Frozen meat, 12/24 (50%) Fresh meat | (Mashak et al., 2015) | |