Table 3.
Summary of zoonotic parasite diseases of camels reported in Iran; 1890–2018
| C. Parasite infections | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disease | Year | Location | Techniques | No. positive/No. tested (%) | Ref |
| Echinococcosis | 1970 | Tehran | Direct light microscopic examination | 612/955 (64%) | (Mobedi et al., 1970) |
| 1971 | Shiraz | Direct light microscopic examination | 15/35 (42.8%) | (Afshar et al., 1971) | |
| 1992 | Shiraz | Direct light microscopic examination | 28/40 (70%) | (Moghadar et al., 1992) | |
| 1994 | Isfahan, Yazd | Direct light microscopic examination | 70/100 (70%) | (Mowlavi, 1997) | |
| 2001 | Yazd, Isfahan, Kerman | Direct light microscopic examination | 37/144 (25.7%) | (Anvari et al., 2001) | |
| 2001–2002 | Yazd, Kerman, Zahedan, Mashhad, Isfahan | Direct light microscopic examination | 26.5%, 25.7%, 32.7%, 59.3%, 35.2%, Total: 233/661 (35.5%) | (Ahmadi, 2005) | |
| 2002 | Tehran, Isfahan, Yazd | Molecular, PCR, RFLP | 23 Cases | (Ahmadi & Dalimi, 2002) | |
| 2006–2008 | Golestan | Direct light microscopic examination | 403/1341 (30.1%) | (Mostafalu & Rahchamani, 2016) | |
| 2009 | Kerman | Direct light microscopic examination | 45/217 (20.73%) | (Fathi, Mirzaei Dehaghi, & Radfar, 2012) | |
| 2009 | Razavi Khorasan (Mashhad) | Direct light microscopic examination | 85/207 (41.1%) | (Sharifiyazdi, Oryan, Ahmadnia, & Valinezhad, 2011) | |
| 2009–2010 | Yazd | Serological, IH, CIEP | 18/141 (12.85%) IH, 16/141 (11.3%) CIEP | (Sazmand et al., 2013) | |
| 2010–2011 | Khorasan Razavi, Yazd, South Khorasan, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan | Direct light microscopic examination | 54/136 (40.40%), 25/80 (31.20%), 32/120 (26.60%) 6/27 (22.20%), 18/75 (24.00%), Total: 135/438 (30.82%) | (Moghaddas, Borji, Naghibi Aboul, Razmi, & Shayan, 2014) | |
| 2016 | South Khorasan Sistan va Baluchestan | Direct light microscopic examination | 85/207 (41%) | (Valinezhad & Oryan 2017) | |
| 2015–2016 | Semnan | Direct light microscopic examination | 221/475 (46/52%) | (Darebaghi Hosein Abadi, Najmoddin, Keneshlou, & Kordi, 2016) | |
| Cryptosporidium spp | 2009 | Isfahan(Najaf Abad) | Microscopic examination of smears stained by modified Ziehl‐Neelsen technique | 39/103 (37.9%) | (Razavi et al., 2009) |
| 2009 | Razavi Khorasan (Mashhad) | Microscopic examination of smears stained by modified Ziehl‐Neelsen technique | 6/316 (1.9%) | (Borji et al., 2009) | |
| 2010 | Yazd | Microscopic examination of smears stained by modified Ziehl‐Neelsen technique | 61/300 (20.33%) | (Sazmand, Rasooli, et al., 2012) | |
| 2010 | Qeshm Island southern Iran | Microscopic examination of smears stained by modified Ziehl‐Neelsen technique | 11/65 (16.9%) | (Nazifi et al., 2010) | |
| 2012 | West Azerbaijan (Miandoab region) | Microscopic examination of smears stained by modified Ziehl‐Neelsen technique | 17/170 (10%) | (Radfar, Gowhari, & Khalili, 2013) | |
| 2012 | Kerman (Shahr‐e Babak) | Microscopic examination of smears stained by modified Ziehl‐Neelsen technique, ELISA | 4/85 (4.7%) | (Radfar et al., 2013) | |
| 2016 | Razavi Khorasan | Microscopic examination of smears stained by modified Ziehl‐Neelsen technique, PCR | 4/60 (6.6%) | (Sadrbazzaz et al., 2016) | |
| Toxoplasmosis | 2006 | Razavi Khorasan (Mashhad) | Serological screening indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) | 5/120 (4.16%) | (Sadrebazzaz et al., 2006) |
| 2011–2012 | Tehran, Isfahan, Fars | Cell line culture, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), PCR | 5/160 (3.12%) | (Dehkordi, Barati, et al., 2013; Dehkordi, Haghighi Borujeni, et al., 2013) | |
| 2013 | Isfahan | PCR | 8/122 (6.6%) 0/36 (0%) | (Khamesipour, Doosti, et al., 2014; Khamesipour, Rahimi, et al., 2014) | |
| 2014–2015 | Razavi Khorasan (Sabzevar) | PCR | 26/40 (65%) | (Aliabadi & Ziaali, 2016) | |