Table.
Baseline characteristics of clinical and pathologic findings of placentas from COVID-19–positive and COVID-19–negative mothers
| COVID-19 (placental pathology) | Negative (n=290) |
Positive (n=74) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vasculopathy | .729 | ||
| Classic type | 119 (41.0) | 25 (33.8) | |
| Mixed type | 25 (8.6) | 7 (9.5) | |
| Mural hypertrophy | 14 (4.8) | 4 (5.4) | |
| No vasculopathy | 132 (45.5) | 38 (51.4) | |
| Weight | 427.5 (366.0–526.0) | 437.0 (390.0–519.0) | .492 |
| Gestational age | 39.0 (38.0–40.0) | 39.0 (38.0–40.0) | .705 |
| Infarcts | 1.000 | ||
| 0 | 265 (91.4) | 67 (90.5) | |
| –1 | 25 (8.6) | 7 (9.5) | |
| Chorioamnionitis | .981 | ||
| 0 | 99 (34.1) | 26 (35.1) | |
| –1 | 191 (65.9) | 48 (64.9) | |
| Meconium | .459 | ||
| 0 | 180 (62.1) | 50 (67.6) | |
| –1 | 110 (37.9) | 24 (32.4) | |
| Thrombosis | 1.000 | ||
| 0 | 217 (74.8) | 56 (75.7) | |
| –1 | 73 (25.2) | 18 (24.3) | |
| Villitis | 1.000 | ||
| 0 | 225 (77.6) | 57 (77.0) | |
| –1 | 65 (22.4) | 17 (23.0) | |
| Abruption | .965 | ||
| 0 | 281 (96.9) | 71 (95.9) | |
| –1 | 9 (3.1) | 3 (4.1) | |
| Cord issues | .143 | ||
| 0 | 271 (93.4) | 73 (98.6) | |
| –1 | 19 (6.6) | 1 (1.4) | |
| MFI | .555 | ||
| 0 | 275 (94.8) | 72 (97.3) | |
| –1 | 15 (5.2) | 2 (2.7) | |
| Others | .946 | ||
| 0 | 258 (89.0) | 65 (87.8) | |
| –1 | 32 (11.0) | 9 (12.2) | |
| Cord coiling | 3.0 (2.0–5.0) | 3.0 (2.0–4.0) | .428 |
| Avascular villi | .614 | ||
| 0 | 277 (95.5) | 69 (93.2) | |
| –1 | 13 (4.5) | 5 (6.8) |
| COVID-19 (clinical features) | Negative | Positive | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Delivery | .048a | ||
| Cesarean | 117 (40.3) | 20 (27.0) | |
| Vaginal | 173 (59.7) | 54 (73.0) | |
| Preeclampsia | .003a | ||
| 0 | 240 (82.8) | 72 (97.3) | |
| –1 | 50 (17.2) | 2 (2.7) | |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus | .449 | ||
| 0 | 264 (91.0) | 70 (94.6) | |
| –1 | 26 (9.0) | 4 (5.4) | |
| Category 2 | .000a | ||
| 0 | 226 (77.9) | 74 (100.0) | |
| –1 | 64 (22.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Intrauterine growth restriction | .632 | ||
| 0 | 276 (95.2) | 72 (97.3) | |
| –1 | 14 (4.8) | 2 (2.7) | |
| Lymphopenia | .495 | ||
| 0 | 143 (70.1) | 52 (75.4) | |
| –1 | 61 (29.9) | 17 (24.6) |
Data are presented as number (percentage) or mean (odds ratio), and 0 and −1 denote absence and presence, respectively, of the specific feature. Cord issues include marginal or velamentous insertion, 2-vessel cord, and true or false knots. Other issues include polyhydramnios, maternal history of cholestasis, cancers, autoimmune diseases, thyroid diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, placental increta or percreta, previa, twins, and MFI (massive perivillous fibrinoid deposit). Lymphopenia denoted the lymphocyte percentage below the reference range (15.5%) at time of admission before delivery (reference, 15.5%–47.1%).
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; MFI, maternal floor infarction.
Zhang. SARS-CoV-2 in placenta and vertical transmission. AJOG MFM 2020.
P < .05 indicates statistically significant difference.