Table 4.

HR for incident diabetes comparing participants with urinary beryllium, chromium, uranium, vanadium, and tungsten concentrations above the limits of detection with those below the limits of detection

Metals	Initial model*		Full model†
	HR (95% CI)	P value	HR (95% CI)	P value
Beryllium	1.03 (0.74 to 1.41)	0.86	0.93 (0.66 to 1.30)	0.67
Chromium	0.77 (0.55 to 1.06)	0.11	0.71 (0.50 to 1.01)	0.06
Uranium	0.84 (0.61 to 1.14)	0.27	0.95 (0.68 to 1.33)	0.76
Vanadium	0.85 (0.64 to 1.12)	0.24	0.77 (0.58 to 1.04)	0.08
Tungsten	1.02 (0.73 to 1.40)	0.92	1.07 (0.77 to 1.49)	0.68

All models were constructed by Cox proportional hazards model.

Detection rate: beryllium, 15.7%; chromium, 24.3%; uranium, 33.5%; vanadium, 37.3%; tungsten, 29.2%.

*Initial model: adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, study site, and specific gravity (log-transformed).

†Full model: initial model with additional adjustment for education, household income, body mass index (baseline level), waist circumference (baseline level), smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity score, total energy intake, menopausal status, and use of hormone.