Transcriptional TGF reporter. A, TβRII = TGF-β-type II receptor, TF = transcription factor. B, SBE-luc reporter gene construct consisting of 12 SBE repeats, a herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase minimal promoter (TK), firefly luciferase or SEAP, and an SV40 late 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-inodolyl-β-d-galactopyranoside signal (A). B, LPS administration results in tissue-specific activation of the SBE-luc reporter in vivo, reflecting in vivo induction of SMAD pathways by the innate immune system. (Reprinted, with permission, from reference 56.) SBE = Smad-binding element, SEAP = secreted alkaline phosphatase, TGF = transforming growth factor.