Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2020 Jun 4;217(8):e20191131. doi: 10.1084/jem.20191131

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2020 Wu et al.

This article is distributed under the terms of an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike–No Mirror Sites license for the first six months after the publication date (see http://www.rupress.org/terms/). After six months it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 4.0 International license, as described at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Figure 1. — Cigarette smoking increases incidence and mortality rate of lung cancer brain metastasis. (A) Incidence of brain metastasis among 281 stage IV lung cancer patients composed of both current and noncurrent smokers at the time of diagnosis. All patients were admitted to Wake Forest Baptist Hospital. (B and C) Progression-free survival (PFS; B) and overall survival (OS; C) of patients with brain metastasis (n = 79) and with or without smoking history were examined by Kaplan–Meier analysis. (D) Representative images of immunohistochemical analysis for Iba1⁺, CD206⁺, and CD45⁺ cells in the H&E-stained brain metastatic lesions of lung cancer patients who were current smokers (n = 7) and noncurrent smokers (n = 4). Scale bar, 100 µm. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; and ***, P < 0.001.