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. 2020 May 23;30(7):1065–1070. doi: 10.1136/ijgc-2019-001135

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy + anti-programmed cell death-1/PD-L1 therapies: proposed mechanism of action. Data from pre-clinical and early clinical studies provide the rationale for adding anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies to CCRT to improve anti-tumor responses by recruiting the immune system. ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CD8, cluster of differentiation 8; CCRT, concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy; CRT,chemotherapy and radiation therapy; HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1; HPV, human papilloma virus; IC, immune cell; IFN, interferon; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; PD-1, programmed cell death-1; PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1.