Table 4.
Comparison of the intervention and control groups inside and between themselves
| Intervention group | Control group | Comparison of groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | z | p* | ||
| CANADIAN OCCUPATIONAL PERFORMANCE MEASURE (COPM) | |||||
| COPM-Performance | BI | 2.51 ± 1.19 | 3.51 ± 2.11 | −2.1 | 0.03 |
| AI | 6.03 ± 2.13 | 3.58 ± 2.45 | −4.11 | 0.00 | |
| AI-3MNT | 6.44 ± 2.21 | 3.48 ± 2.01 | −4.74 | 0.00 | |
| χ2; p** | 45.690; 0.000 | 0.485; 0.784 | |||
| COPM-Satisfaction | BI | 2.93 ± 1.42 | 5.25 ± 2.61 | −3.68 | 0.00 |
| AI | 7.19 ± 2.23 | 4.83 ± 2.70 | −3.39 | 0.00 | |
| AI-3MNT | 7.44 ± 2.37 | 4.4 ± 2.11 | −4.64 | 0.00 | |
| χ2; p** | 41.081; 0.000 | 1.040; 0.595 | |||
| DIABETES EMPOWERMENT SCALE (DES) | |||||
| Psychosocial aspects | BI | 3.19 ± 0.63 | 3.79 ± 0.64 | −3.43 | 0.00 |
| AI | 3.95 ± 0.73 | 3.67 ± 0.41 | −2.20 | 0.02 | |
| AI-3MNT | 4.36 ± 0.58 | 3.7 ± 0.43 | −4.66 | 0.00 | |
| χ2; p** | 52.452; 0.000 | 0.578; 0.749 | |||
| Dissatisfaction and readiness to change | BI | 3.37 ± 0.45 | 3.81 ± 045 | −3.53 | 0.00 |
| AI | 3.93 ± 0.5 | 3.76 ± 0.23 | − 0.96 | 0.33 | |
| AI-3MNT | 4.25 ± 0.32 | 3.66 ± 0.4 | −5.49 | 0.00 | |
| χ2; p** | 41.785; 0.000 | 3.038; 0.219 | |||
| Setting and achieving diabetes goals | BI | 3.32 ± 0.74 | 3.87 ± 0.42 | −3.47 | 0.00 |
| AI | 4.28 ± 0.65 | 3.85 ± 0.36 | − 3.15 | 0.00 | |
| AI-3MNT | 4.49 ± 0.5 | 3.74 ± 0.4 | −4.77 | 0.00 | |
| χ2; p** | 46.934; 0.000 | 2.032; 0.362 | |||
| DES-total | BI | 3.31 ± 0.54 | 3.82 ± 0.44 | −3.80 | 0.00 |
| AI | 4.07 ± 0.55 | 3.76 ± 0.26 | −2.35 | 0.01 | |
| AI-3MNT | 4.46 ± 0.74 | 3.7 ± 0.35 | −5.33 | 0.00 | |
| χ2; p** | 53.786; 0.000 | 2.305; 0.316 | |||
| BRIEF COPE | |||||
| Ineffective coping | BI | 26.27 ± 5.09 | 27.56 ± 4.64 | −1.038 | 0.299 |
| AI | 26.55 ± 5.01 | 27.09 ± 5.4 | −0.592 | 0.554 | |
| AI-3MNT | 25.09 ± 4.31 | 27.03 ± 4.39 | −2.007 | 0.045 | |
| χ2; p** | 0.638; 0.72 | 0.331; 0.84 | |||
| Self-distraction | BI | 6.45 ± 1.76 | 6.26 ± 1.44 | − 0.95 | 0.33 |
| AI | 5.94 ± 1.56 | 6.41 ± 1.45 | −1.43 | 0.15 | |
| AI-3MNT | 5.58 ± 1.56 | 6.71 ± 1.21 | −3.05 | 0.00 | |
| χ2; p** | 9.484; 0.009 | 2.064; 0.356 | |||
| Denial | BI | 2.79 ± 1.61 | 3.74 ± 1.67 | −2.79 | 0.05 |
| AI | 3.33 ± 1.89 | 3.88 ± 1.71 | − 1.37 | 0.16 | |
| AI-3MNT | 2.85 ± 1.52 | 3.44 ± 1.39 | 1.94 | 0.051 | |
| χ2; p** | 0.974; 0.615 | 2.849; 0.241 | |||
| Substance use | BI | 2.94 ± 2.03 | 3.29 ± 1.94 | −1.24 | 0.21 |
| AI | 2.97 ± 2.06 | 2.82 ± 1.80 | −0.08 | 0.93 | |
| AI-3MNT | 2.67 ± 1.84 | 3.09 ± 2.06 | −1.32 | 0.18 | |
| χ2; p** | 2.077; 0.354 | 1.565; 0.45 | |||
| Behavioral disengagement | BI | 2.82 ± 10.7 | 3.68 ± 1.62 | −2.29 | 0.02 |
| AI | 2.48 ± 1.06 | 3.35 ± 1.32 | −2.29 | 0.03 | |
| AI-3MNT | 3.27 ± 1.73 | 3.56 ± 1.63 | −0.89 | 0.36 | |
| χ2; p** | 8.605; 0.014 | 1.723; 0.422 | |||
| Venting | BI | 5.42 ± 1.92 | 5.53 ± 1.54 | −0.14 | 0.88 |
| AI | 6 ± 1.69 | 5.94 ± 1.53 | −0.18 | 0.85 | |
| AI-3MNT | 5.39 ± 1.51 | 5.79 ± 1.40 | −1.09 | 0.27 | |
| χ2; p** | 1.089; 0.580 | 3.519; 0.172 | |||
| Self-blame | BI | 5.85 ± 1.87 | 5.06 ± 1.27 | −1.81 | 0.06 |
| AI | 5.82 ± 1.81 | 4.68 ± 1.60 | −2.69 | 0.00 | |
| AI-3MNT | 5.33 ± 1.83 | 4.44 ± 1.44 | −2.12 | 0.03 | |
| χ2; p** | 2.931; 0.231 | 2.902; 0.234 | |||
| Effective coping | BI | 29.79 ± 5.14 | 34.09 ± 5.09 | −3.27 | 0.001 |
| AI | 35.39 ± 5.92 | 33.85 ± 4.215 | −1.278 | 0.201 | |
| AI-3MNT | 36.06 ± 4.07 | 33.12 ± 5.7 | −2.004 | 0.045 | |
| χ2; p** | 34.111; 0.000 | 1.316; 0.518 | |||
| Active coping | BI | 5.33 ± 1.16 | 6.12 ± 1.61 | −2.34 | 0.01 |
| AI | 6.24 ± 1.65 | 5.71 ± 1.33 | −1.73 | 0.08 | |
| AI-3MNT | 6.58 ± 1.48 | 5.85 ± 1.37 | −2.32 | 0.02 | |
| χ2; p** | 11.954; 0.003 | 1.887; 0.389 | |||
| Acceptance | BI | 6.21 ± 1.69 | 6.87 ± 1.46 | −1.56 | 0.11 |
| AI | 7.79 ± 0.41 | 6.94 ± 0.98 | −3.97 | 0.00 | |
| AI-3MNT | 7.45 ± 0.71 | 6.82 ± 1.38 | −1.95 | 0.051 | |
| χ2; p** | 27.136; 0.00 | 0.068; 0.96 | |||
| Positive reframing | BI | 5.09 ± 1.8 | 5.76 ± 1.56 | −1.37 | 0.16 |
| AI | 5.79 ± 1.43 | 5.85 ± 1.30 | −0.07 | 0.93 | |
| AI-3MNT | 5.7 ± 1.89 | 5.76 ± 1.10 | −0.28 | 0.77 | |
| χ2; p** | 2.069; 0.68 | 4.368; 0.263 | |||
| Planning | BI | 5.82 ± 1.42 | 6.18 ± 1.26 | −0.97 | 0.32 |
| AI | 6.42 ± 1.62 | 5.79 ± 1.46 | −1.68 | 0.09 | |
| AI-3MNT | 6.7 ± 1.35 | 6.09 ± 1.48 | −1.75 | 0.07 | |
| χ2; p** | 6.686; 0.035 | 0.263; 0.877 | |||
| Use of emotional support | BI | 3.33 ± 1.72 | 4.76 ± 1.89 | −3.3 | 0.00 |
| AI | 4.36 ± 2.01 | 5.12 ± 1.71 | −1.73 | 0.08 | |
| AI-3MNT | 4.55 ± 1.92 | 4.47 ± 1.77 | −0.16 | 0.86 | |
| χ2; p** | 12.409; 0.002 | 2.113; 0.348 | |||
| Use of instrumental support | BI | 3.97 ± 1.96 | 4.44 ± 1.69 | −1.23 | 0.21 |
| AI | 4.88 ± 2.05 | 4.35 ± 1.53 | −0.89 | 0.37 | |
| AI-3MNT | 5 ± 2.03 | 4.03 ± 1.08 | −1.94 | 0.052 | |
| χ2; p** | 5.961; 0.051 | 1.152; 0.562 | |||
| Humor | BI | 4.42 ± 2.33 | 4.85 ± 2.02 | −0.958 | 0.338 |
| AI | 4.33 ± 2.2 | 4.26 ± 1.62 | −0.191 | 0.848 | |
| AI-3MNT | 4.58 ± 2.04 | 5.03 ± 1.89 | −1.066 | 0.287 | |
| χ2; p** | 1.938; 0.38 | 3.436; 0.179 | |||
| Religion | BI | 5,82 ± 2.18 | 5.18 ± 2.3 | −1.164 | 0.244 |
| AI | 5.88 ± 1.99 | 4.94 ± 2.10 | −1.862 | 0.063 | |
| AI-3MNT | 5.79 ± 2.04 | 4.97 ± 2.63 | −1.427 | 0.154 | |
| χ2; p** | 0.317; 0.853 | 3.303; 0.192 | |||
| World Health Organızatıon Well-Beıng Index (WHO-5) | |||||
| WHO-5 | BI | 53.69 ± 27.42 | 48.94 ± 20.79 | −0.82 | 0.4 |
| AI | 72.24 ± 25.42 | 56.4 ± 24.43 | −2.7 | 0.00 | |
| AI-3MNT | 81.33 ± 16.26 | 51.8 ± 25.42 | −4.65 | 0.00 | |
| χ2; p** | 33.564; 0.000 | 3.323; 0.190 | |||
p*Man Whitney U, p**Friedman’s Tests, BI: before the intervention, AI: after the intervention, AI-3MNT: 3 months after the intervention