Table 4.

Carbon-based nanoformulation

Diseases	Antiviral drug	Type of nanodelivery system	Composition	Problems encountered	Key findings	Ref
HIV	Lamivudine	CNT	Isobutane, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid	Decreased drug solubility Increased drug resistance	Improved hydrophilicity Improved dispersibility	[183]
Respiratory syncitial virus	Curcumin	Β-cyclodextrin–functionalized graphene oxide	–	–	Highly efficient inhibition of RSV by inhibiting the viral attachment. Exhibited prophylactic as well as therapeutic effects toward the virus	[184]
Pseudorabies virus	–	PVP-conjugated graphene oxide	–	–	Improved antiviral activity by mechanism of structural destruction of the virus prior to viral entry	[185]
Nonenveloped virus (infectious bursal virus) and enveloped feline coronavirus	–	Graphene–silver nanocomposites	–	–	Improved antiviral activity of GO–Ag nanocomposites as compared to GO nanocomposites	–
HIV	CHI499 CDF119	Graphene quantum dots	–	Decreased drug solubility in water	Increased drug solubility in water	[186]
HIV	–	Cationic fullerene derivatives	–	Decreased solubility of fullerenes	Increased selectivity of viral inhibition	[180]
Ebola	–	Fullerenes	Mannose	Decreased development of resistance due to viral mutations	Increased antiviral activity	[187]
Influenza virus	–	Fullerene derivatives	–	–	Antiviral activity through inhibition of endonuclease activity	[181]
HIV	–	Fullerenes	Water-soluble polycarboxylic acid derivative of C60 fullerene loaded with 3,4-dichlorophenyl units	–	Antiviral activity	[188]
HCV and HSV	–	Carbon nanodot	–	Decreased antiviral activity	Increased antiviral activity	[189]