Table 5.
Inorganic-based nanoformulation
| Diseases | Antiviral drug | Type of nanodelivery system | Composition | Problems encountered | Key findings | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Influenza | Zanamivir | Selenium nanoparticles | PVP, polyethylenimine, polyacrylamide | Low oral absorption | Increase in cell viability | [218] |
| Influenza | Amantadine | SeNPs | Na2 SeO | Tendency to develop drug resistance | High anti-influenza activity | [219] |
| HCV | – | Copper oxide NP | Cupric sulfate, HCVcc/Huh7.5.1 cell culture | Inhibition of HCV at noncytotoxic concentration, by blocking attachment and entry of virus into the cells | [220] | |
| HIV | – | Gold NP stabilized by polyethylene glycol | HeLa-CD4-LTR-B-gal cell line | – | Inhibits the HIV entry by binding with gp120 and prevents CD4 attachment, IC50 = 1.12 ± 0.05 mg/mL | [221] |
| RSV | – | Gold NPs functionalized with anti-RSV synthetic peptides | Hep2 cells | – | Inhibition of RSV replication | [222] |
| HIV | Zidovudine | Gold NPs stabilized and reduced by pectin | Macrophages | Increased toxicity | Decreased toxicity, stable under varying pH and electrolyte conditions, high uptake by macrophages | [223] |
| HIV | Azidothymidine | Gold nanocargos functionalized with l-cysteine | HIV-1 Ba-L virus, cysteine | – | Provides biocompatible and stable drug delivery | [224] |
| Dengue | – | AgNPs | Salicylic acid, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid |
Less drugs available in market to potentially treat dengue High cost of drugs |
Eco-friendly insecticide, low dose of drug required | [225] |
| Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections | – | Highly monodispersed AgNPs | Gallic acid |
Tendency to develop drug resistance Safety issues |
High ant-HSV activity Safer alternative drug |
[204] |
| H1N1 influenza A virus | – | AgNP–chitosan composites | – | – | Appreciable antiviral activity | [226] |